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8 Va. J.L. & Tech. 1 (2003)
The Invisible Handshake: The Reemergence of the State in the Digital Environment

handle is hein.journals/vjolt8 and id is 172 raw text is: 8 Va. J.L. & Tech. 6 (2003), at http://www.vjolt.net C 2003 Virginia Journal of Law and Technology Association VIRGINIA JOURNAL of LAW and TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SUMMER 2003 8 VA. J.L. & TECH. 6 The Invisible Handshake: The Reemergence of the State in the Digital Environment Michael D. Birnhack* and Niva Elkin-Koren** I. Introduction........................................................... 2 II. The State and the Digital Environment.........................................5 A. Models of IT Policies..................................................6 B. The State and the Internet...............................................8 1. Ownership: In the Beginning There Was the State........ ....................9 2. The State's Regulatory Role......................... ..................11 3. The Invisible Handshake..............................................14 111. The Rise of Private Gatekeepers: Facilitating Nodes of Control in a Decentralized Enviroment.......................................................... 18 A. The Decentralized Network and the New Virtual Gatekeepers................................... 18 B. Virtual Gatekeepers and the Legal Regime...................................20 1 Facilitating Concentration............................................. 21 a. Broad Interpretation of Rights ............................. .......... 21 b. Higher Bariers to Entry Gatekeeprs:.Fe...........................................23 2. Encouraging OSPs to Exercise Policing Power ................................. 24 C. Convergence of Interests: How Unholy Alliances Fo ..r.. ...................... 27 IV. The Nature of the Emerging Legal Regime..............20....... ............28 A. Legal Framework for Seizing Control Online ........................ ..........28 B. Recruiting Private Nodes of Control ............... ................... .......34 1. Technological Capability ................................... ..........34 2. Data Retention .....Interests....... ..........................................37 3. Data Preservation and Production Orders ........................ ..............41 4. Obligations and Immunities of OSPs .........................................43 * Assistant Professor, University of Haifa, Israel. J.S.D., 2000, New York University; LL.M., 1998, New York University; LL.B., 1996, Tel Aviv University. ** Associate Professor, University of Haifa, Israel. S.J.D., Stanford University, 1995; LL.M., 1991, Harvard Law School; LL.B., 1989, Tel Aviv University. We wish to thank Yochai Benkler, Robert Brauneis, Julie Cohen, Amitai Etzioni, Michael Froomkin, Ellen Goodman, Irit Haviv-Segal, Orin Kerr, Neil Netanel, Dawn Nunziato, David Post, Joel Reidenberg and the participants at the Public Design workshop at NYU School of Law, Rutgers Law School Faculty Colloquium, the Dean Dinwoodey Center for Intellectual Property Studies at George Washington University Law School, the Telecommunication Policy Research Conference (September 2002), and the joint colloquium of the faculties of law at Haifa University and Tel Aviv University, Israel. We are grateful for able research to Rachel Aridor, Avihay Dorfman, and Edo Eshet. All Web sites cited were last visited February 2003.

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