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44 Va. J. Int'l L. 879 (2003-2004)
Whistleblowing: Australian, U.K., and U.S. Approaches to Disclosure in the Public Interest

handle is hein.journals/vajint44 and id is 889 raw text is: Whistleblowing: Australian, U.K., and U.S. Approaches to Disclosure in the Public Interest ELLETTA SANGREY CALLAHAN,* TERRY MOREHEAD DWORKIN,** & DAVID LEWIS*** TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 880 II. Whistleblowing Legislation: Premises and Catalysts ....................................... 881 III. Legislative Approaches to Whistleblowing ...................................................... 884 A. Characteristics of Protected Disclosures .................................................... 884 1. Categories of Reported Misconduct ................................................... 884 2. Public v. Private Sector Protection ..................................................... 886 3. Gravity of the W rongdoing ................................................................. 888 4. Is Past Wrongdoing Protected? ........................................................... 889 B . D isclosure O utlets ....................................................................................... 889 1. Internal v. External Reporting ............................................................ 890 2. Designating an External Recipient ..................................................... 892 3. Whistleblowing to the Media .............................................................. 893 C. Motive and Protected Disclosure: Loyal Voice, Open Hand, Sp itefu l H eart .............................................................................................. 895 1. The Relevance of M otive .................................................................... 895 2. Financial R ew ards ............................................................................... 896 D. Sufficient Evidence to Support a Disclosure ............................................. 898 E. D eterrents to R etaliation ............................................................................. 899 1. Penalties for Retaliation ...................................................................... 899 2 . D am ages .............................................................................................. 90 1 * Associate Professor, Law and Public Policy, Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA. ** Jack R. Wentworth Professor, Business Law, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. *** Professor of Employment Law, Middlesex University, United Kingdom.

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