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41 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 129 (2009-2010)
Panama and the Specter of Climate Change

handle is hein.journals/unmialr41 and id is 133 raw text is: 129 ARTICLES Panama and the Specter of Climate Change By Ruth Gordon* 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................130 11. CLIMATE CHANGE: CAUSES & EFFECTS .................136 A. Causes...................................... 136 B. Effects: Current and Predicted................. 139 1. The Damage Thus Far .................... 139 2. Potential Future Consequences ............. 141 3. The Vicinity: Climate Change in Central America ................................. 146 III. THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESPONSE .................148 A. Denial, Tepidity, Refusal, Entreaties ............ 148 B. The International Legal Response.............. 151 C. The Clean Development Mechanism ............. 154 IV. EXPLORING PANAMA ....................................158 A. The Emergence of a Nation ................... 158 B. Panama: The Ecology ........................ 161 C. Panama and the Clean Development Mechanism ................................. 163 1. The Persistent Need for Energy............ 164 2. Altering Land Use Patterns: Deforestation, Reforestation & the CDM ................. 166 3. Considering Local Voices.................. 168 V. AN~ EXPANDED CANAL ..................................170 A. The Panama Canal: A brief history ............. 171 B. Expanding the Panama Canal................. 176 1. Politics and Rationales.................... 176 2. Plans and Strategies...................... 178 VI. POTENTIAL COMPETITION: A NORTHERN PASSAGE .......179 A. Climate Change and the Arctic Circle ........... 179 B. Competing with the Panama Canal ............. 182 VII. CONCLUSION ...........................................184 * Professor of Law, Villanova University School of Law. BS, JD, New York University School of Law, LLM, London School of Economics and Political Science. This paper is the product of a visit to Panama City in December 2007 as part of the Georgia State University College of Law Study Space. A group of legal scholars from the United States presented papers and engaged in in depth discussions with Panamanian scholars and officials on a wide range of issues confronting Panama.

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