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36 UCLA L. Rev. 447 (1988-1989)
Overinclusion and Underinclusion: A New Model

handle is hein.journals/uclalr36 and id is 461 raw text is: ARTICLES OVERINCLUSION AND UNDERINCLUSION: A NEW MODEL Kenneth W. Simons* INTRODUCTION ........................................... 448 I. WHY, WHEN, AND How DOES CLASSIFICATORY FIT M ATTER? ........................................... 451 A. The Intrinsic Value of Classificatory Fit .......... 451 B. The Surrogate Value of Classificatory Fit ......... 452 C. Means Furthering the End, Apart from Fit ..... 455 II. THE TUSSMAN AND TENBROEK DIAGRAM: A FIRST STEP ................................................ 456 III. DETOUR: IDENTIFYING THE END ................... 460 IV. A NEW MODEL OF CLASSIFICATORY FIT ............. 463 A. The Basic M odel ................................ 463 B. Inequality ....................................... 465 C. Some Theoretical and Practical Problems ......... 477 D. Overbreadth, Apart from Inequality .............. 482 E. Less Restrictive Alternatives and Overbreadth ...... 486 F. An Example: New York City Transit Authority v. B eazer .......................................... 488 G. The Complainant's Stake ....................46 H. Benefits and Burdens ............................. 501 1. The Mirror Image Interpretation ............. 501 2. The Baseline Interpretation .................. 506 * Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law. B.A. 1975, Yale Univer- sity; J.D. 1978, Michigan Law School. For helpful comments, I thank Pnina Lahav, Ira Lupu, Ann Mesmer, Larry Yackle, and students in my course, Constitutional Law II: Liberty, Equality, and Property. © Copyright 1989 by Kenneth W. Simons. All rights reserved.

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