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11 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 277 (2001)
Health and Well-Being in Iraq: Sanctions and the Impact of the Oil-for-Food Program

handle is hein.journals/tlcp11 and id is 293 raw text is: Health and Well-Being in Iraq: Sanctions and the Impact of the Oil-for-Food Program Richard Garfield* I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 278 II. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 279 III. CHANGES I HUlrAr riAN CONDITIONS .................................................. 281 A Education .......................................................................................... 281 B. Dem ography ...................................................................................... 281 C. Confusion and Controversy over Mortality Rates ............................ 281 D. Food and N utrition ........................................................................... 284 E. Health Care Services ......................................................................... 286 F. Water and Sanitation ........................................................................ 287 G. Differences Between North and Central/South Governorates ......... 288 IV. PROBLEMS INADMINISTERING OIL-FOR-FOOD ............................................ 288 V. IMPRoVEMENTS DUE TO OIL-FOR-FOOD ..................................................... 289 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ON OL-FOR-FOD ...................................................... 289 VII. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING OIL-FOR-FOOD ................................................. 291 A Has the Embargo Killed Iraqi Children? ......................................... 291 B. Is the Embargo the Only, the Primay, or a Seconday Cause? ...... 292 C. What Made Mortality Among Children Under Age Five Rise? ....... 294 D. Why Did Iraq Fail to Respond More Rapidly and Effectively to the Decline in Health and Deterioration of the Health Care System? ............................................................... 295 E. Further Research Needed .................................................................. 295 F. What Level of Humanitarian Suffering Is Tolerable? ..................... 296 VIII. CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................... 297 R.N., Dr.PH, Henrik Bendixen Professor of Clinical International Nursing, Columbia University; Visiting Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. I wish to thank David Cortright, Patricia David, Juan Diaz, Gerald McHugh, Colin Rowat, John Mills, Anupama Rao Singh, Khalid Al-Hiti, Sanjiv Kumar, Wisam Abdul-Rainnan, Haydar Nasser, and His Excellency Minister of Health Omid Mubarak for providing information, facilitating data collection and reviewing text. I would also like to thank the Center for Social and Economic Rights, the American Friends Service Committee, and UNICEF for facilitating travel to Iraq.

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