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29 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 137 (1998)
Avoiding Abstention: The Younger Exceptions

handle is hein.journals/text29 and id is 147 raw text is: AVOIDING ABSTENTION: THE YOUNGER EXCEPTIONS by Brian Stagner 1. YOUNGER v. HARRIS: AN OBSTACLE TO FEDERAL RELIEF .. 138 A. Introduction ............................... 138 B. Younger v. ,Harris ............................ 138 II. THE YOUNGER EXCEPTIONS: AN ESCAPE HATCH THAT RARELY OPENS ................................ 141 A. Bad Faith and Harassment ..................... 141 1. Dombrowski v. Pfister ..................... 141 2. Bad Faith and Harassment: Are the Terms Synonymous? ............................ 143 3. Application of the Bad Faith/Harassment Exception . 145 a. Supreme Court Decisions ................. 145 b. Fifth Circuit Decisions .................. 148 i. Shaw v. Garrison ................ 148 ii. Wilson v. Thompson .............. 152 iii Summary of Fifth Circuit ........... 154 c. Other Circuit Opinions: Multiple Prosecutions . 155 4. Bad Faith/Harassment Conclusion ............. 157 B. Patently Unconstitutional ...................... 157 1. Introduction ............................ 157 2. Application of the Patently Unconstitutional Exception .............................. 158 a. Supreme Court Decisions ................. 158 b. Lower Court Decisions (or Lack ThereoJ) ..... 161 3. Patently Unconstitutional Conclusion ........... 162 C. Lack of an Adequate State Forum Exception ......... 163 1. Introduction ............................ 163 2. Application of the Inadequate State Forum Exception ............................... 164 a. Supreme Court Decisions ................. 164 i. Bias .......................... 164 ii. Inadequate State Forum ............ 168 b. Lower Court Decisions .................. 169 3. Lack of an Adequate State Forum Conclusion .............................. 173 Associate Attorney Kelly, Hart & Hallman, P.C., Fort Worth, Texas. J.D., Texas Tech University School of Law, 1997.

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