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31 St. Mary's L.J. 751 (1999-2000)
Deconstructing Constructive Threats: Classification and Analysis of Threatening Speech after Watts and Planned Parenthood

handle is hein.journals/stmlj31 and id is 761 raw text is: DECONSTRUCTING CONSTRUCTIVE THREATS: CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THREATENING SPEECH AFTER WATTS AND PLANNED PARENTHOOD JEREMY C. MARTIN I. Introduction ............................................... 752 II. Historical Development of the First Amendment Right of Free Speech and the Treatment of Threats ................ 756 A. A Brief Synopsis of Relevant First Amendment Law.. 757 1. Schenck v. United States ........................... 758 2. Brandenburg v. Ohio .............................. 760 3. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul .......................... 760 B. Development of the True Threats Doctrine ............ 761 1. Threats to the President: Watts v. United States, Rogers v. United States, and Roy v. United States .. 762 2. Threats to Individuals: Intent Requirement Controversy ....................................... 766 a. Requiring That the Speaker Have the Subjective Intent to Threaten ................. 767 b. Requiring That a Reasonable Person in the Speaker's Position Foresee That the Recipient Would Construe the Expression As a Threat .. 771 c. Requiring That a Reasonable Person in the Recipient's Position Construe the Expression A s a Threat ................................... 773 C. The Latest Word: Planned Parenthood of the Columbia/Willamette, Inc. v. American Coalition of Life A ctivists .......................................... 774 III. Analysis of Existing Threat Law .......................... 775 A. Failure of the Circuits to Follow the Watts True Threat A nalysis ............................................... 775 B. Internet's Facilitation of Implicitly Threatening Expression ............................................ 778 C. Ineffectiveness of the Watts True Threat Analysis As Applied to Non-Facially Threatening Expression ...... 781 D. Utility of the Dual Standard for Racial Discrimination in Threat A nalysis ................. ................... 784 E. Prior Attempts to Resolve the First Amendment Problems Associated with the Nuremberg Files ........ 785

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