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44 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 55 (2016-2017)
National Fossil Fuel Companies and Climate Change Mitigation under International Law

handle is hein.journals/sjilc44 and id is 61 raw text is: NATIONAL FOSSIL FUEL COMPANIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW Benoit Mayert & Mikko Rajavuoritt CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................... 56 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 56 I. BACKGROUND: STATES' CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSIBILITIES AND NFFCS ........... ..... 61 A. Climate change, state responsibilities, and state-owned enterprises. ............................... 61 B. Understanding State involvement in the fossil fuel sector .. ....................................... 65 C. Situating NFFCs in the superstructure of the global carbon-intensive economy.................... 68 II. ATTRIBUTING THE CONDUCT OF NFFCS TO STATES .70 A. Attribution under General International Law.............72 1. NFFCs constituting an organ of the state.............73 2. NFFCs exercising elements of governmental authority . ......................... ...... 77 3. NFFCs subject to instructions, direction or control . 80 B. Attribution under International Human Rights Law....... 83 III. STATES' RESPONSIBILITIES ARISING FROM NFFCS... 90 A. Excessive greenhouse gas emissions directly attributable to the state.......................... 92 B. Aid or assistance to other states .................. 96 C. Prohibited economic incentives .................. 98 D. Prohibited communication strategies .................. 100 E. Incompatible development of vested interests.............. 103 IV. COMING TO TERMS WITH STATES' INVOLVEMENT IN t Associate Professor, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Law, http://www.benoitmayer.com, bnt.mayer@gmail.com. tt PhD Candidate, University of Turku, Faculty of Law (Finland), mijora@utu.fi.

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