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11 Or. Rev. Int'l L. 365 (2009)
Vindicating Fundamental Environmental Rights Worldwide

handle is hein.journals/porril11 and id is 373 raw text is: JAMES R. MAY AND ERIN DALY* Vindicating Fundamental Environmental Rights Worldwide I. Constitutional Entrenchment of Fundamental Environm ental R ights ............................................................ 373 A. Structural and Syntactical Choices ................................. 373 B. Shaping Framers' Views on Fundamental Environm ental R ights ..................................................... 377 C. Presumptions About Enforceability ............................... 383 II. Judicial Tolerance of Constitutionally Enshrined Environm ental R ights ............................................................ 390 A. Independent Environmental Rights ................................ 391 B. Dependent Environmental Rights .................................. 398 C. Derivative Environmental Rights ................................... 399 D. Dormant Environmental Rights ..................................... 405 III. Vindicating Constitutionally Entrenched Fundamental Environmental Rights Worldwide ......................................... 407 A . Conceptual Conundrum s ................................................ 407 B. Pragm atic Considerations ............................................... 415 1. W ho C an Sue? .......................................................... 4 15 2. W ho Can B e Sued? ................................................... 420 3. Defining the State's Obligation ................................ 421 4. Defenses and Limitations ......................................... 424 C . R em edies ........................................................................ 424 1. Fashioning the Rem edy ............................................ 426 2. Enforcing the Rem edy .............................................. 431 * James R. May is Professor of Law and the H. Albert Young Fellow in Constitutional Law at Widener University School of Law. Erin Daly is Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development at Widener University School of Law. The assistance of Marie Hobson, Destiny Prater. Gina Serra. Angela Whitesell, and Beau Grove in the preparation of this Article, and comments of Carl Bruch, Sylvia Bankobeza and John Dembach to a draft manuscript. are noted with gratitude. Copyright © James R. May and Erin Daly (2009).

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