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159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1533 (2010-2011)
The NIQAB in the Courtroom: Protecting Free Exercise of Religion in a Post-Smith World

handle is hein.journals/pnlr159 and id is 1543 raw text is: COMMENT THE NIQAB IN THE COURTROOM: PROTECTING FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION IN A POST-SMITH WORLD ADAM SCHWARTZBAUMt INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1534 I. CULTURE OR RELIGION? WHY MUHAMMAD'S DECISION TO WEAR THE NIQAB IS RELIGIOUS....................................................1536 A. African American Islamic Beliefs and Practices in Context ....1536 B. Muslim Women and the Veil................................................1538 C. What Constitutes a Religious Belief.....................................1541 II. FREE EXERCISE TODAY.................................................................1543 A. Setting the Stage..................................................................1544 B. Variance Among the Circuits ...............................................1546 III. APPLYING THE HYBRID-RIGHTS THEORY ......................................1554 A. Invoking the Hybrid-Rights Exception ..................................1554 B. Alternative Means of Arriving at Strict Scrutiny: The Sherbert Exception......................................................1558 IV. THE CASE FOR THE NIQAB AND THE STATE'S INTEREST IN REMOVING THE VEIL ....................................................................1561 A. Accurate Identification and Safety........................................1565 B. Demeanor Evidence and Credibility Assessment.....................1567 C. The Confrontation Clause ...................................................1573 CONCLUSION........................................................................................1575 (1533) t J.D. Candidate, 2011, University of Pennsylvania Law School. The author thanks Sarah Barringer Gordon, Anita Allen, and Seth Kreimer for their assistance in develop- ing and writing this Comment; Albert Lichy for providing the initial spark for the idea; the University of Pennsylvania Law Review for its support; and his parents.

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