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43 N.C. J. Int'l L. 1 (2018)
Confucian Bureaucracy and the Administrative Enforcement of Competition Law in East Asia

handle is hein.journals/ncjint43 and id is 9 raw text is: Confucian Bureaucracy and the Administrative Enforcement of Competition Law in East Asia Mel Marquis and Jingyuan Ma I. Introduction ..............2....... ...........2 II. Confucian Bureaucracy: Main Characteristics ..... .....5 A. Confucian Thought on Governance by Virtue............7 B. Confucian Thought on Authoritarian Governance .......11 C. Implementation of Confucian Thought by the Scholar-Officials ..........................14 III. The Influence of Confucian Bureaucracy in East Asian Countries ......................................20 A. China ..................................22 B. Korea ............................. .....29 C. Japan ........................... ........33 IV. Implications for the Administrative Enforcement of Competition Law .............................40 A. Confucian Bureaucracy and Administrative Enforcement . ..................... ........42 1. A State-Led Economy ....................42 2. Goals of Enforcement .........................44 3. The Administrative Model and Path Dependency ...................... .....48 B. Confucian Bureaucracy and the Competition A gency ..................................................................... 53 1. Towards an Independent and Transparent Competition Agency .............................................53 2. Hiring and Personnel Practices in the East Asian Competition Authorities ............................57 C. The Debate on Industrial Policy versus Competition Policy ................ .........60 D. Implications for More Effective Competition Enforcement in East Asia ............ ...........65 t Jingyuan Ma, Ph.D, is Lecturer at Central University of Finance and Economics in Beijing. Mel Marquis, Ph.D, is Part-time Professor of Law at the European University Institute in Florence, Professore a contratto at LUMSA University in Rome and Visiting Scholar at Doshisha University in Kyoto. (**Again, in line with my comment above about the author name order, Marquis' bio may need to precede Ma's**)

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