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2011 Mich. St. L. Rev. 405 (2011)
Swine Flu, Bird Flu, Sars, Oh my - Applying the Precautionary Principle to Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals under Article 31 of Trips

handle is hein.journals/mslr2011 and id is 411 raw text is: SWINE FLU, BIRD FLU, SARS, OH MY! APPLYING THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE TO COMPULSORY LICENSING OF PHARMACEUTICALS UNDER ARTICLE 31 OF TRIPS Jennifer R. Andrew 2011 MICH. ST. L. REv. 405 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO DUCTION ........................................................................................... 406 I. PROMOTING SCIENCE AND THE USEFUL ARTS ....................................... 409 A . Com pulsory Licensing ................................................................. 410 B. International Patent Protection ..................................................... 411 1. The TRIPS Agreem ent ............................................................ 412 a. The Structure of the TRIPS Agreement ........................... 413 b. Exceptions to Patent Protection Under the TRIPS A greem ent ............................................................ 415 2. The Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and P ublic H ealth .......................................................................... 4 16 II. THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE ......................................................... 418 A. The Evolution of the Modem Precautionary Principle ................ 419 B. A Rose by Any Other Name ......................................................... 421 III. Is THERE ROOM FOR PRECAUTION IN A NATIONAL EMERGENCY OR OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES OF EXTREME U RG EN CY ? ......................................................................................... 422 A. Can the Precautionary Principle Be Applied to TRIPS Article 31 (b)? ........................................ 422 1. Defining Customary International Law .................................. 422 2. Not Just a European Principle ............................................... 424 3. WTO Agreements Incorporating the Precautionary P rincip le ................................................................................ 425 4. The Views of International Courts .......................................... 426 B. Can Precaution Be Read Into TRIPS Article 3 1(b)? .................... 428 1. Interpreting TRIPS Article 31(b) ............................................ 429 a. Ordinary M eaning of the Text .......................................... 430 b. In Light of the Object and Purpose of the TRIPS A greem ent ............................................................ 431 c. Within Context of Other WTO Provisions ....................... 432 d. The Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health as a Subsequent Agreement ................ 434 2. Necessary to Protect Public Health ................................... 436

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