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63 Md. L. Rev. 721 (2004)
Precursors of Rosa Parks: Maryland Transportation Cases between the Civil War and the Beginning of World War I

handle is hein.journals/mllr63 and id is 735 raw text is: PRECURSORS OF ROSA PARKS: MARYLAND TRANSPORTATION CASES BETWEEN THE CIVIL WAR AND THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR I DAVID S. BOGEN* When Rosa Parks refused to move to a seat in the back of the bus in Montgomery, it sparked a boycott and was a critical event in the Civil Rights movement.' But Mrs. Parks was not the first African American to resist segregation. Mary Anderson, Aaron Bradley, Josephine Carr, Harriet E. Cully, John W. Fields, Professor W. H.H. Hart, Ellen Jackson, Annie A. Jakes, James Jenkins, Reverend Harvey Johnson, Reverend Robert McGuinn, the Stewart sisters, Alexander Thompson, and Thomas W. Turner were among the many teachers, ministers, businessmen, and ordinary citizens who refused to accept second class treatment on Maryland's waterways and rails.2 The Mont- gomery boycott succeeded in part because federal courts struck down the Alabama state law requiring segregation on the buses;3 however, nearly a century earlier, the legal landscape for African Americans was far less supportive. * Professor of Law and T. Carroll Brown Scholar, University of Maryland School of Law. B.A., LL.B., Harvard University; LL.M., New York University. I would like to thank my colleague, Professor Larry Gibson, for organizing the reunion of African-American alumni of the school that gave rise to these papers, for the work his students have done on related topics, and for the materials, particularly from the Afro-American, which he gener- ously copied for me. 1. See CATHERINE A. BARNES, JOURNEY FROM JIM CROW: THE DESEGREGATION OF SOUTH- ERN TRANSIT 108-31 (1983) (discussing the Montgomery bus boycott and its effect on segre- gation in transportation in other southern cities). 2. See infra notes 27-35 and accompanying text (discussing Anderson and Jackson); infra notes 36-55 and accompanying text (discussing Bradley); infra notes 56-57 and accom- panying text (discussing Jakes); infra notes 67-91 and accompanying text (discussing Thompson); infra notes 94-99 and accompanying text (discussing Fields); infra notes 100- 109 and accompanying text (discussing Carr); infra notes 115-122 and accompanying text (discussing Cully); infra notes 130-145 and accompanying text (discussing the Stewart sis- ters and Johnson); infra notes 146-158 and accompanying text (discussing McGuinn); infra notes 210-224 and accompanying text (discussing Hart); infra notes 246-250 and accompa- nying text (discussing Turner); infra notes 252-259 and accompanying text (discussing Jenkins). 3. Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707, 717 (M.D. Ala. 1956), affd, 352 U.S. 903 (1956). The Browder court held that the law violated both the Due Process and the Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Id.

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