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50 J. Mar. L. & Com. 1 (2019)
Cyber Security in the Maritime Sector

handle is hein.journals/jmlc50 and id is 7 raw text is: Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, Vol. 50, No. 1, January 2019 Cyber Security In The Maritime Sector Oliver Daum* This article focuses on the cyber domain of the maritime sector. In doing so it provides an overview of relevant IT structures of the maritime industry. On the basis of recent examples, it explains how hackers gain access to IT systems. The current state of the international law of cyber security, mainly shaped by the International Maritime Organization, is elaborated upon and critically examined. Finally, the article ends with an outlook and refers to the scenario of lacking cyber security measures and how this might have an impact on unmanned shipping. I INTRODUCTION Cyber-attacks are an unwanted side effect of internet-based technology. On the one hand the benefits of using of the Internet are inevitable. The advantages include the simplification and acceleration of communication and work processes, and further the Internet contributes to maritime security.' On the other hand- which is specifically true regarding the so-called Internet-of- Things-users of online services expose themselves to the risks and threats of cyber-attacks. From the perspective of a hacker, cyber-attacks offer the advantage of low personnel costs, although *Oliver Daum wrote his Ph.D. in the field of the international law of the sea and the law of naval warfare and is a shipping lawyer at Cyrus Makowski Lawyers Germany LLP in Hamburg. 'Cf. on maritime cyber security issues, Kelly Mosteller, Legal Questions Arising from Maritime Security Considerations in the Energy and Cyber Domains, June 2014, available at: http://www.cjoscoe.org/projects/programmeofworkitems.html; Sean Fahey, Combating cyber fatigue in the Maritime Domain, December 2017, available at: http://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2017/12/07/combating-cyber-fatigue-in-the- maritime-domain/. 1

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