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12 J. Int'l Trade L. & Pol'y 4 (2013)

handle is hein.journals/jitlp12 and id is 1 raw text is: The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1477-0024.htm JITLP 12,1 4 Journal of International Trade Law and Policy Vol 12 No. 1, 2013 pp. 4-22 © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1477-0024 DOI 10.1108/14770021311312476 Bureaucratic politics, policy learning, and changes of antidumping policy and rules in Japan Joon-heon Song School of Business and Commerce, Tokyo International University, Saitama, Japan, and Kyoung-joo Lee College of Business and Economics, Gachon University, Kyungwon Campus, Seongnam-City, Republic of Korea Abstract Purpose - This paper aims to deepen understanding of the interrelated questions: how Japanese antidumping policies have been formulated and transformed; what the reasons are for such caution in adopting antidumping measures; and what patterns can be observed of recent changes in antidumping policy and legal systems. Design/methodology/approach - To explain the changes in antidumping policy and rules in Japan, this paper examines not only political competition among bureaucratic organizations but also policy learning by bureaucratic organizations and their effects on change in policy preferences and advancements in the legal system. Findings - The effects of bureaucratic politics and policy learning not only complexly interact but also are highly complicated to initiate policy changes in accordance with the maturity of antidumping legal system. In this case study, the policy learning has led the rival bureaucrats to a consensus to change antidumping policy and legal system, but the agreement could be a temporal truce that may easily collapse by political contingencies. Originality/value - Along with the influences of large-scale economic and political dynamisms, this paper focuses on two aspects of the policy subsystem to explain those changes: one is political competition among bureaucratic organizations claiming jurisdiction of antidumping policy; the other is the effect of policy learning among bureaucratic organizations on changes in policy preferences and on advancements in antidumping rules. Keywords Antidumping, Bureaucratic politics, Policy learning, Japan, Bureaucracy Paper type Research paper 1. Introduction Antidumping measures have become one of the most important issues in foreign trade policy. In a world of liberalized trade, with decreasing use of traditional protectionism instruments such as tariffs, quotas, and voluntary export restraints (VERs), the significance of antidumping measures has drastically increased in foreign economic policy over the past decades (Niels, 2000). The fact that members of the World Trade Organization (WTO, 2012) initiated 4,010 antidumping investigations between 1995 and 2011 highlights the importance of antidumping as an effective policy measures to address international trade conflicts.

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