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133 Int'l Lab. Rev. 531 (1994)
Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms

handle is hein.journals/intlr133 and id is 543 raw text is: International Labour Review, Vol. 133, 1994/5-6 Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms Hilary SILVER* The changes affecting the poor were changes in kind as well as degree, in quantity, in ideas, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, values. They were changes in what may be called the moral imagination. (Gertrude Himmelfarb, referring to England circa 1760, in: The idea of poverty: England in the early industrial age, pp. 18-19.) S ince the mid-1970s, the advanced capitalist democracies have been undergoing a process of profound economic restructuring. As a consequence, new social problems have emerged that appear to challenge the assumptions underlying Western welfare states. While universal social policies still insure against risks predictable from a shared life-cycle, career pattern, and family structure, a standardized life course can no longer be assumed. More and more people suffer insecurity, are dependent upon residual means-tested programmes, or are without any form of social protection. In the countries of the European Union, 50 million people live below a poverty line set at one-half the national median income; 16 million people (10.5 per cent of the workforce) are officially registered as unemployed, of whom more than half have been unemployed for over a year (EC Commission, 1994). How are we to understand these developments? As Himmelfarb noted, earlier economic and social upheavals brought about a shift in the moral imagination , giving us the concepts of poverty and unemployment Similarly, today's transformations are giving rise to new conceptions of social disadvantage: the underclass , the new poverty, and social exclusion. This article traces the evolution of the term exclusion over time, notably * Department of Sociology, Brown University, USA. This article is based on a longer discussion paper with the same title, prepared in 1994 for the Labour Institutions and Economic Development Programme of the ILO's International Institute for Labour Studies. Copyright © International Labour Organization. 1994

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