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47 Int'l Migration Rev. 3 (2013)

handle is hein.journals/imgratv47 and id is 1 raw text is: INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW Bridges and Barriers: Religion and Immigrant Occupational Attainment across Integration Contexts' Phillip Connor The Pew Forum on Religion 6- Public Life Matthias Koenig University of Gottingen 6 Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Eth- nic Diversity This article advances knowledge about context-dependent impacts of religion on immigrant structural integration. Drawing on theories of inter-generational immigrant integration, it identifies and spells out two context-dependent mechanisms through which religion impinges upon structural integration - as ethnic marker prompting exclusion and discrimination, or as social organization providing access to tangi- ble resources. The propositions are empirically tested with nationally representative data on occupational attainment in three different inte- gration contexts which vary in religious boundary configurations and religious field characteristics - the United States, Canada, and Wes- tern Europe. Using data from the US General Social Survey, the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey, and the European Social Survey, the article analyzes indirect and direct effects of religious affiliation and participation on occupational attainment among first and second generation immigrants. The analyses find only limited evidence for the assumption that in contexts with strong religious boundaries (such as Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, Canada), immigrants face religious penalties in structural integration. By contrast, the analyses 'Both authors have contributed equally to this article. Please address correspondence to pconnor@pewforum.org or mkoenig@uni-goettingen.de. Earlier drafts of this article were presented in seminars at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, the University of Bern, and the University of Eichstatt as well as the annual meetings of the Population Association of American (2012) and the American Sociological Association (2012). The authors are particularly grateful to Nancy Foner, Jeff Reitz, Andreas Wimmer, Robert Wuthnow, and three anonymous reviewers for comments and advice on earlier drafts of this article. Phillip Connor acknowledges funding by the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project; Matthias Koenig is grateful for support provided by the University of Toronto during his time as Hannah Arendt Visiting Professor for German and European Studies. C 2013 by the Center for Migration Studies of New York. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1111/imre.12012 IMR Volume 47 Number 1 (Spring 2013):3-38 3

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