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4 Health & Just. 1 (2016)

handle is hein.journals/hlthjs4 and id is 1 raw text is: Richardson et al. Health and Justice (2016) 4:1 DOI 10.1186/s40352-016-0032-z 0 Health & Justice R A * A - m~cs On papers: perceptions of synthetic cannabinoid use among black males under criminal justice supervision Joseph B. Richardson', Christopher St. Vil4*, Eric Wish2 and Carnell Cooper3 This was never intended to be used in people... It even says on the label, Not for human consumption.' Ironic- ally, that's the only accurate thing on the label. This is not marijuana. It should not be thought of like marijuana. We have to get this out there: Its effects are serious. It's a totally different drug. (Walton 2014) Background Reports on the use of synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. differ and present a conflicting picture depending on the source of the report. According to the Monitoring the Future Survey (MTF), in 2012 SC ranked second to marijuana among illicit drugs used in the past year by high school seniors with 11.4 % reporting use. In the 2 years since the survey has been tracking SC use, 5.8 % of 12th graders reported its use in 2014, compared with 7.9 % in 2013 representing a cumulative 5 % decrease. This decrease was associated with an increase in the per- ceived risk of taking SC once or twice among 12th graders even though the level of the perceived risk was * Correspondence: cstvil@buffalo.edu 4School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, 685 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article 4 Springer reported as low (Johnston et al. 2014). Despite this decline in SC usage reported by the MTF, there has been an alarm- ing rise among both teens and young adults presenting to emergency departments (ED) for reasons involving SC fueling public health concerns (Harris and Brown 2013). The American Association of Poison Control Centers (2012) reported that the number of toxic reactions to SC has increased drastically. In 2010, Poison Control Centers (PCC) received approximately 2900 calls report- ing adverse effects from SC. By 2011, PCCs reported 7000 calls. According to data available from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) an estimated 11,406 U.S. emergency department (ED) visits in 2010 involved a SC product, and three-fourths of these visits were made by patients 12-29 years of age. In the majority (59 %) of ED visits made by patients' ages 12-29 that in- volved SC, no other substances were involved. SC were used in combination with one other substance (i.e., marijuana, pharmaceuticals, and alcohol) in 36 % of the visits. By 2011, there were an estimated 28, 531 ED visits involving a SC product (57 % were SC alone), more than double the rate reported the previous year. Furthermore, despite the classification of SC in schedule I under the Controlled Substance Act, SC products continue to evolve due to modified chemical structures and continue © 2016 Richardson et al. Open Access This artide is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license. and indicate if chances were made. CrossMark Abstract Background: A number of studies reveal a strong linkage between SC use and avoiding positiveurine creens. Despite this work and given the high rates of criminal justice supervision among Black men in the U.S., little is known about SC usage among Black men under criminal justice supervision. Methods: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 Black men under criminal justicesupervision treated by an urban ED for violent injury. Results: Themes that emerged from the analysis include 1) prevalence of use, 2)health literacy, 3) availability and costs, 4) negative side effects, and 5) criminal justice supervision. Conclusions: Criminal justice supervision policies are a contributing factor to SC use among Black men under criminal justice supervision.

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