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15 Health & Hum. Rts. 138 (2013)
How Do Social Determinants Affect Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia, and What Can We Do about It? A Systematic Review

handle is hein.journals/harhrj15 and id is 342 raw text is: Kelsey McGregor Perry, JD (expected 2015), MPH, is a second-year law stu- dent at the Gould School of Law University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California. Kelsey designed this project while complet- ing her Master of Public Health fieldwork in the Social Determinants of Health Unit at the World Health Organization. Lindsay McEwing, MPH (expected 2014), is a Master of Public Health student in the Health Science Department at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Please address correspon- dence to the authors c/o Kelsey McGregor Perry at 2060 Lewis Avenue, Altadena, California 91001, USA, email: kelsperry@me.com. Competing interests: None declared. Copyright: © 2013 McGregor Perry and McEwing. This is an open access article distrib- uted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-com- mercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. HOW DO SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AFFECT HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, AND WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Kelsey McGregor Perry and Lindsay McEwing ABSTRACT Background The sale of women and children accounts for the greatest proportion of human traffickingglobaL, with Southeast Asia acting as the illegal indus 's largest international hub. At least 225,000 women and children are trafficked from the region eveTyear accountingfor approximatelj one-third of the global human trade. The health ramifications of trafficking are severe: many survivors contract infectious diseases including sexually transmitted infections and develop mental health condiions, including anxie, panic disorder, and major depression. The complications associated with studing a highy secretive illegal trade have sever1 limited research on effective prevention measures. Because this presents a challenge for organizations that hope to develop prevention strategies, we asked the following question: How do social determi- nants facilitate or mitigate trafficking of women and children in Southeast Asia, and what recommendations does the literature provide for combating trafficking via these social determinants? Methods: Using a Cochrane-based sstematic search methodology, five independent researchers reviewed 1, 148 articles from the past ten years (2001-2011). After three phases of independent review, hey selected and ana'yZed 61 articles to identify the determinants that impact trafficking of women and children in Southeast Asia. Results Key social determinants thatfailitate trafficking include poverty, female gen- der, lack of poligy and enforcement, age, migration, diplacement and conflict, ethnic- i4, culture, ignorance of trafficking methods, and caste status. Conversy, protective determinants that mitgate trafficking include formal education, cizZenship, maternal education, higher caste status, and birth order. Recommendations relating to a variety of the determinants are identified and discussed in detail. Conclusions: Social determinants are central to the processes that mitigate andfacili- tate the sale and exploitaion of women and children in Southeast Asia. Specificallj, the fadlitation of education and empowerment, along with the creation and enforce- ment of effective policies, could lessen the vulnerabiliy of women and children to modern-day slave{y. INTRODUCTION The booming global business of human trafficking, currently the second largest source of illegal income worldwide, is driven by a concerning blend of social circumstances.' These circumstances, called social deter- minants, are the social, economic, political, and environmental condi- tions that shape how people live, grow, and work. They ultimately affect people's vulnerability to exploitation.' Profit-driven criminal groups thrive on unfavorable determinants like poverty and joblessness when they traffic 700,000 to 2 million people annually'

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