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97 Foreign Aff. 58 (2018)
The Long Shadow of 9/11: How Counterterrorism Warps U. S. Foreign Policy

handle is hein.journals/fora97 and id is 698 raw text is: The Long Shadow of 9/11 How Counterterrorism Warps U.S. Foreign Policy Robert Malley and Jon Finer hen it comes to political orientation, worldview, life expe- rience, and temperament, the past three presidents of the United States could hardly be more different. Yet each ended up devoting much of his tenure to the same goal: countering terrorism. Upon entering office, President George W. Bush initially down- played the terrorist threat, casting aside warnings from the outgoing administration about al Qaeda plots. But in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, his presidency came to be defined by what his administration termed the global war on terrorism, an undertaking that involved the torture of detainees, the incarceration of suspects in black sites and at a prison camp in Guantanamo Bay, the warrantless surveil- lance of U.S. citizens, and prolonged and costly military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq. Barack Obama's political rise was fueled by his early opposition to Bush's excesses. He was clear-eyed about the nature of the terrorist threat and aware of the risks of overstating its costs. Once in office, he established clearer guidelines for the use of force and increased trans- parency about civilian casualties. But he also expanded the fight against terrorists to new theaters, dramatically increased the use of drone strikes, and devoted the later years of his presidency to the struggle against the Islamic State (also known as isis). As for Donald Trump, he helped incite a wave of fear about terrorism and then rode it to an unlikely electoral victory, vowing to ban Muslims ROBERT MALLEY is President and CEO of the International Crisis Group. During the Obama administration, he served as Special Assistant to the President, White House Middle East Coordinator, and Senior Adviser on countering the Islamic State. JON FINER served as Chief of Staff and Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. Department of State during the Obama administration. 58 FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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