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101 Foreign Aff. 213 (2022)
Asia and Pacific

handle is hein.journals/fora101 and id is 431 raw text is: Recent Books inserted itself, including in Azerbaijan, Libya, Syria, and eastern Mediterra- nean gas fields. He usefully highlights the contradictions of Erdogan's reliance on Russian President Vladimir Putin in the context of Turkey's long-standing distrust of Russia. Erdogan is widely criticized for his promotion of political Islam and for his highhanded dismissal of the civil and political rights of his critics, but Cagaptay suggests his future will be decided by the now flagging Turkish economy. Revolutionary Life: The Everyday of the Arab Spring BY ASEF BAYAT. Harvard University Press, 2021, 336 pp. Bayat, a sociologist and an acute chroni- cler of everyday life in the Middle East and North Africa, explores the fate of marginalized people in the uprisings of the Arab Spring, particularly in Egypt and Tunisia. He concedes that from a conventional, state-centric perspective, these uprisings failed as revolutions. But he argues that the experience of liberation, brief as it may have been, changed the self-image and, to some degree, the political efficacy of women, young people, workers in the informal economy, and what he labels the middle- class poor, the vast numbers of unem- ployed university graduates. The rise of a new imaginary .. , which the new rulers could not simply overlook, enabled political reform in Morocco; social, cultural, and religious transfor- mation in Saudi Arabia; and perhaps even the prominent role of women in the Egyptian cabinet. The uprisings succeeded indirectly; autocrats co-opted reform to placate the new aspirations and expectations of populations that had tasted freedom and dignity. This is a partial victory, no doubt, but Bayat insists that the chronicle of the Arab Spring ... is not simply doom, gloom, and failure. Asia and Pacific Andrewj Nathan India Before Modi: How the BJP Came to Power BY VINAY SITAPATI. Hurst, 2021, 400 pp. S ince the 1920s, Hindu nationalists in India have labored to create a political arm that could win elections by unifying Hindus across divisions of caste and region. This electoral component went through several incarnations, emerging in 1980 as today's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, which mobilizes its vote base on a fear of enemies at home and abroad, espe- cially Muslims. Sitapati offers an innovative analysis of the party's evolution by focusing on the inter- twined lives of two of its founders, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a member of Parlia- ment and three-time prime minister, and Lal Krishna Advani, a longtime activist, parliamentarian, and party official. Sitapati's sweeping and richly textured account details how the two initially moderate leaders led the party through a series of victories and defeats, in the process stirring up an intense culture of defensive violence among their followers, which eventually led to March/April 2022 213

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