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15 Envtl. L. 645 (1984-1985)
Environmental Warfare

handle is hein.journals/envlnw15 and id is 657 raw text is: ARTICLES ENVIRONMENTAL WARFARE By ARTHUR H. WESTING* I. INTRODUCTION Revulsion toward the use of chemical weapons during World War I ultimately precipitated their proscription through the Ge- neva Protocol of 1925.1 The horror engendered by the attempts to exterminate selected religious and ethnic groups during World War II led, in time, to the Genocide Convention of 1948.2 Outrage at the attempts to harness the forces of nature for hostile pur- poses during the Second Indochina War (Viet Nam Conflict) soon found expression in the Environmental Modification (so-called Enmod) Convention of 1977.' A number of the hostile manipulations of today and to- morrow that comprise environmental warfare fall under the aegis of several disparate arms control treaties, either directly or indi- * Ph.D. 1959, M.F. 1954, Yale University; A.B. 1950, Columbia University. The author is Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Re- search Institute and Adjunct Professor of Ecology at Hampshire College in Massa- chusetts. This Article is based in large measure on his book: ENVIRONMENTAL WAR- FARE: A TECHNICAL, LEGAL AND POLICY APPRAISAL (A. Westing ed. 1984), especially its chapters 1 and 7. 1. Protocol For the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol, signed June 17, 1925), 26 U.S.T. 571, T.I.A.S. No. 8061. For the text of this Proto- col, see J. GOLDBLAT, AGREEMENTS FOR ARMS CONTROL: A CRITICAL SURVEY 135-36 (1982). 2. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, signed at Paris, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277. For the text of this Protocol, see J. GOLDELAT, supra note 1, at 139-40. 3. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, opened for signature May 18, 1977. 1 U.N. GAOR (31st Sess.) Supp. No. 27 (A/31/27). For the text of the Enmod Con- vention, see J. GOLDELAT, supra note 1, at 228-30.

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