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20 Eur. J. Crime Crim. L. & Crim. Just. 415 (2012)
Tobacco Smuggling: A Review of the Literature

handle is hein.journals/eccc20 and id is 431 raw text is: MARTIN US NIJHOFF European Journal of Crime, PUBLISHERS Criminal Law and Criminal fustice 20 (2012) 415-444 brill.cmleccl Tobacco Smuggling: A Review of the Literature Xavier Duncan I'Hoiry* University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Introduction Tobacco smuggling has received considerable academic coverage and this paper seeks to bring together the dominant themes and features of the research litera- ture by way of an introduction to this market place. The first section seeks to contextualise the rest of the article by providing a brief discussion of the alleged growing physical and economic threat of smuggled tobacco and its reach across the globe. The second section presents the results of European-based empirical studies outlining smuggling/bootlegging methods as the typology of offenders and why they partake in this illegal activity. The third section considers the structures of smuggling, how actors and groups work together and the types of collaborations evidenced in case file analyses. The fourth section examines the socially embedded nature of tobacco smuggling across the entirety of the market place and considers why this ambivalence has developed, thanks to a combination of socio-economic factors. The fifth section analyses the interface between legal and illegal actors in smuggling enterprises and includes a discussion of the complicity of tobacco manufacturers in smuggling. Finally, the sixth section considers the existence of violence in tobacco smuggling and questions whether it reflects the alleged centrality of violence in other illicit markets. In its previous life, this literature review formed part of this author's doctoral thesis. The thesis concerned a European-based tobacco smuggling enterprise and sought to critically assess the European tobacco smuggling market place. Consequently, the literature discussed below focuses heavily on European empirical * E-mail: x.lhoiry@sheffield.ac.uk @ Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2012 DOI: 10. 1163/157181712X667431

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