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22 Critical Soc. Pol'y 5 (2002)

handle is hein.journals/critsplcy22 and id is 1 raw text is: 0 SIMON DUNCAN University of Bradford O FIONA WILLIAMS University of Leeds Introduction A major development in welfare states is a shift away from one of the key principles underpinning their welfare provision: the assumption of a male breadwinner/female homemaker-carer family model (even though the reality was often different to this). The question that now emerges is what sort of gender contract can replace this model in the resettling of welfare regimes? Will welfare programmes assume the involvement of all adults in paid work, tying entitlements increas- ingly to employment, or even making them conditional upon being in paid work (as, for example, in workfare programmes in the UK and USA)? Who in this case takes responsibility for the care of children or older people? Or are different family models possible in which both paid work and care are shared between men and women, perhaps with state support for collective caring (as in some emerging northern European models)? What do these alternatives mean for gender equality or women's autonomy? What influences the negotiations that women and men make about care and employment responsibilities, and the preferences they have? What are the outcomes for different groups in the emerging work/care regimes? Whose voices are being heard? These are the sort of questions that were considered at an international conference at the University of Leeds in January 2001, and revised versions of the papers given are presented here.' Nancy Fraser (1997) has proposed three alternative ideal types that might follow the demise of the male breadwinner regimes; the Universal Breadwinner Model, the Caregiver Parity Model and the Universal Caregiver Model. The Universal Breadwinner Model is based on gender equity in employment and assumes the capacity of all ablebodied adults to support themselves and their families through the market. To work, it requires equal opportunities in employment, the institutionalization of care by the state and/or in the market, and benefits attached to employment. The Caregiver Parity Model aims to Copyright @ 2002 Critical Social Policy Ltd 70 0261-0183 (200202) 22:1 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol. 22(1): 5-11; 021365 5

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