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58 B.C. L. Rev. 379 (2017)
The Racialization of Juvenile Justice and the Role of the Defense Attorney

handle is hein.journals/bclr58 and id is 379 raw text is: THE RACIALIZATION OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND THE ROLE OF THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY TAMAR R. BIRCKHEAD INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 381 I. THE PERSISTENCE OF RACIAL BIAS WITHIN JUVENILE JUSTICE .............................................. 394 A . W ayward Youths of the N ineteenth Century ....................................................................... 395 1. Evolution of the C oncept of R ace .................................................................................. 395 2. D isparate Treatm ent Based on R ace .............................................................................. 398 B. M id-Century Lads of Tender Years .................................................................................... 401 1. D elinquency as C ontagion ............................................................................................. 401 2. The Expansion of Children's Rights .............................................................................. 405 C. 1990s Superpredators ................................................................................................... 408 1. The Crim e of B lackness ................................................................................................ 408 2. Racialized Public Policy ................................................................................................ 411 II. THE HA RM OF RA CIALIZATION ............................................................................................... 412 A . Perpetuation of N egative Stereotypes ................................................................................ 413 1. Children of C olor ........................................................................................................... 413 2. Risk A ssessm ent ............................................................................................................ 416 B. Race-Based D ecision M aking ............................................................................................ 418 1. Inside the System ................................................................................................... 418 2. O utside the System ........................................................................................................ 420 C. Relinquishm ent of R ights ................................................................................................... 424 1. Interactions w ith the Police ........................................................................................... 424 2. In Juvenile C ourt and School ......................................................................................... 426 III. THE R OLE OF THE D EFENSE A TTORNEY ................................................................................ 428 A . Zealous Representation vs. Social Costs ............................................................................ 431 1. The Param eters of the D ebate ........................................................................................ 431 2. The Ethical Rules .......................................................................................................... 435 B. Beyond the Ethical R ules ................................................................................................... 437 1. The Juvenile C ourt C ontext ........................................................................................... 437 2. Finding a M iddle G round .............................................................................................. 438 C. Shift ing the Paradigm ........................................................................................................ 446 1. Strategies du Jour .......................................................................................................... 446 2. Racial D iversification of Juvenile Court ........................................................................ 454 C ONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 460 379

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