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54 Baylor L. Rev. 623 (2002)
Balancing School Authority and Student Expression

handle is hein.journals/baylr54 and id is 631 raw text is: BALANCING SCHOOL AUTHORITY AND STUDENT EXPRESSION' Andrew D.M. Miller- TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 624 II. THE TINKER TRILOGY: THE SUPREME COURT SPEAKS ON STUDENT EXPRESSION ................................................................... 628 A. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District ................ 628 B. Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser ................................ 629 C. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ............................... 631 III. WHAT IS LEFT OF TINKER AFTER FRASER AND KUHLMEIER9 ........ 633 A. Did Fraser and Kuhlmeier Overrule Tinker? .......................... 633 B. The Tinker Trilogy as One Step Forward, Two Steps Back.... 634 IV. THE SUPREME COURT'S GENERAL SHIFT TOWARD SCHOOL A UTH ORITY ................................................................................... 637 A. Fraser and Kuhlmeier Did Not Overrule Tinker ..................... 640 B. Defining Preexisting Limits .................................................... 641 C. Only the Supreme Court Can Overrule Supreme Court D ecisions ................................................................................. 645 V. CONFUSION AMONGST AND WITHIN THE LOWER COURTS ........... 646 VI. REFINING THE FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 649 A. The Limits of Tinker and Its Substantial and Material Interference Standard ............................................................. 650 B. The Fraser Rule and Obscenity, Lewdness, Indecency, and Plain Off ensiveness ................................................................. 654 C. The Prurient Element of Lewdness and Obscenity ................. 655 D. The Ambiguity of Indecency and Plain Offensiveness ............ 656 E. The Kuhlmeier Rule and School-Sponsorship ........................ 660 *The author would like to thank Dr. Gale T. Mabry and Mrs. Lora Mabry for their advice and guidance as his educators, mentors, and friends. Additionally, the author gratefully acknowledges Professors Douglas A. Berman and Edward B. Foley for their helpful comments and insight with respect to this article. Further thanks are due Amy Ruth lta for her editorial assistance. This article is dedicated to Marilyn Sue Miller. Judicial Clerk to the Hon. George H. King, District Judge for the Central District of California for the 2002-2003 Judicial Term; Judicial Clerk to the Hon. Reynaldo G. Garza, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit for the 2001-2002 Judicial Term; J.D., summa cum laude, Ohio State University 2001, Articles Editor, The Ohio State Law Journal, B.B.A., Finance, magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998.

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