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29 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1009 (2013-2014)
The Legitimacy of Spying among Nations

handle is hein.journals/amuilr29 and id is 1073 raw text is: ARTICLE THE LEGITIMACY OF SPYING AMONG NATIONS RAPHAEL BITTON* I. INTRODUCTION. ........................... ....1010 II. THE INADEQUACY OF AVAILABLE ARGUMENTS.......1014 A. THE REALIST ARGUMENT .............O.4...........1014 B. THE ARGUMENT OF 'JUST INTELLIGENCE' ...............1017 III. THE IDEAL DUTY OF TRANSPARENCY ................ 1021 A. ON CAPABILITIES AND INTENTIONS .............. ......1 026 B. TRANSPARENCY AND LIBERAL POLITICAL IMPERIALISM ..... 1030 IV. ESPIONAGE AS A SOLUTION TO THE LIBERAL CRISIS ........................................ 1036 A. A CONCEPT OF GLOBAL JUSTICE ...................... 1038 B. THE GLOBAL ORIGINAL POSITION ..................... 1041 C. LIMITING LEGITIMATE ESPIONAGE .......... ........... 1047 D. RISKS OTHER THAN SURPRISE AGGRESSION . ............1057 E. BETWEEN EMERGENCY AND ROUTINE .................. 1058 F. THE UTILITARIAN ARGUMENT........................ 1060 G. THE COSMOPOLITAN APPROACH TO ESPIONAGE..... ..... 1062 * Head of Legal Studies, Interdisciplinary Department, Haifa University; Adjunct Lecturer, Tel-Aviv University School of Law. For valuable discussions and comments, I wish to deeply thank: Assa Kasher, Chanoch Dagan, Dafna Barak-Erez, David Enoch, David Rosenberg, Daniel Statman, David Caron, Ernest Weinrib, Eyal Benvenisti, John Yoo, Kenneth Bamberger, Meir Dan-Cohen, Ofer Grosskopf, Omri Yadlin and Philip Hamburger. Special thanks for long and contributing discussions are owed to Chaim Gans and with exceptional gratitude to Alon Cohen. For the generous hospitality as a visiting scholar while writing this paper, I am deeply thankful to the Institute for Jewish Law and Israel Studies at UC Berkeley School of Law. I am grateful for the generous funding of this research by The Paulina Goldenberg Fund, The Cegla Center for Interdisciplinary Research and the Meitar Center for Advanced Legal Studies at Tel-Aviv University School of Law. 1009

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