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31 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 289 (1993-1994)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Sodomy Laws: A Federal Common Law Right to Privacy for Homosexuals Based on Customary International Law

handle is hein.journals/amcrimlr31 and id is 305 raw text is: THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND SODOMY LAWS: A FEDERAL COMMON LAW RIGHT TO PRIVACY FOR HOMOSEXUALS BASED ON CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW I. SODOMY LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES ..................... 292 A. The Current Status and Reality Regarding Sodomy Laws ..... 292 B. Past and Present Challenges to Sodomy Laws ............. 293 1. M odel Penal Code ............................... 293 2. The Right to Privacy and Heterosexuals ................ 294 3. The Right to Privacy and Homosexuals ................ 295 4. State Courts and the Right to Privacy ................. 297 II. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A SOURCE OF DOMESTIC LA W .............................................. 297 A. Customary International Law ......................... 297 B. Customary International Law and Human Rights .......... 300 C. United States Acceptance of the Universal Declaration of Hu- man Rights as Customary International Law .............. 300 1. Official United States Documents and Other Governmental A ctions ....................................... 302 2. Secondary Indicators of the United States'Acceptance of the Universal Declaration as Customary International Law .... 304 a. Judgments and opinions of American tribunals ........ 304 b. Writings of scholars ............................ 306 c. Judgments and opinions of international judicial and arbitral tribunals .............................. 307 d. Failure of other states to challenge pronouncements of new principles of international law ................. 308 III. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A CAUSE OF ACTION IN UNITED STATES COURTS .............................. 308 A. Customary International Law as Federal Common Law ..... .309 B. Constructing Federal Common Law From Customary Interna- tional L aw ....................................... 310 C. Federal Common Law as a Cause of Action .............. 311 D. The Role of Federal Common Law ..................... 313 IV. HOMOSEXUALS' RIGHT TO PRIVACY UNDER THE FEDERAL COM- MON LAW FRAMEWORK ................................... 315 A. Universal Declaration and Gays ....................... 315 B. The Right to Privacy Under the Universal Declaration ....... 318 C. Requirements of Morality Within the Universal Declaration ... 322 V. CONCLUSION ....................................... 323

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