About | HeinOnline Law Journal Library | HeinOnline Law Journal Library | HeinOnline
LOG IN
LOG IN

89 Am. Bankr. L.J. 65 (2015)
Guaranteed to Work or It's Free: The Evolution of Student Loan Discharge in Bankruptcy and the Ninth Circuit's Ruling in Hedlund v. Education Resources Institute Inc.

handle is hein.journals/ambank89 and id is 71 raw text is: Guaranteed to Work or It's Free!: The Evolution of Student Loan Discharge in Bankruptcy and the Ninth Circuit's Ruling in Hedlund v. Educational Resources Institute Inc. by Richard B. Keeton* I. INTRODUCTION: THE SAME OLD STORY WITH A N EW PLO T T W IST ...................................................................... 66 II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF FEDERAL STUDENT L O A N S ......................................................................................................... 6 9 A. The Cold War and the National Defense Education A ct of 9 5 8 ........................................................................................ 6 9 B. The Higher Education Act of 1965 ....... ........... 70 C. Cash-basis: A Flawed System of Federal Budgeting........ 71 D. The Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990.............. 72 E. The Gradual Shift from Guaranteed Loans to Direct L o a n s ..................................................................................................... 7 2 F. The Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 20 10 ............................ .......................... .. 7 3 III. JOHNSON, BRUNNER, AND OTHER TESTS TO DETERMINE UNDUE HARDSHIP ................... 74 A. Protecting Student Loans from Discharge under the B ankruptcy C ode .............................................................................. 74 B . T he John son T est ............................................................................. 76 C. Totality of the Circumstances Test................... 78 D . T he Bryant Poverty T est............................................................ 79 E. The Current Majority Standard: The Brunner Test ...... 80 *1 would like to thank Reid Johnson, Katie Olson, and Professor Catherine Christopher for providing direction and guidance in the writing process. Further, I wish to thank Jordyn Anders, Professor Bryan Camp, and Professor Susan Hauser for their comments, feedback, and editorial assistance after reviewing this article in its completed form. All mistakes are my own. 65

What Is HeinOnline?

HeinOnline is a subscription-based resource containing thousands of academic and legal journals from inception; complete coverage of government documents such as U.S. Statutes at Large, U.S. Code, Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Reports, and much more. Documents are image-based, fully searchable PDFs with the authority of print combined with the accessibility of a user-friendly and powerful database. For more information, request a quote or trial for your organization below.



Short-term subscription options include 24 hours, 48 hours, or 1 week to HeinOnline.

Purchase Access

Contact us for annual subscription options:

Contact Us

Already a HeinOnline Subscriber?

Log In

profiles profiles most