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35 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 377 (2018)
Moral Wrongfulness and Cartel Criminalization in East Asia

handle is hein.journals/ajicl35 and id is 415 raw text is: MORAL WRONGFULNESS AND CARTEL CRIMINALIZATION IN EAST ASIA Jingyuan Ma & Mel Marquis* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................378 II. LEGALISM AND THE CONCEPT OF LAW IN ANCIENT CHINA..... ...........389 A. The Concepts of Law and Penal Law in Ancient China...... ......391 B. Fa Jia and Legalism .....................................393 C. Penalties..............................................396 D. The Instrumental Use of Law.. ..............................399 III. MORAL AND PENAL LAW ............................................401 A. The Confucianization of the Law............ ......................405 B. Defining Moral Wrongfulness ..............................406 C. A Different Context for Moral Action.......... ....................407 IV. THE IMPACT OF CONFUCIANISM AND LEGALISM ON LEGAL CULTURE IN EAST ASIA......................... ................................. ......408 A. China.................. ...................... ......409 B. Japan................... ...................... .....412 C. Korea.................. ...................... ......415 V. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CRIMINALIZATION OF CARTELS IN EAST ASIA...........417 A. The Criminalization of Cartels, or paucity thereof, in China, Japan, and Korea ............................................... 417 B. Defining Moral Wrongfulness of Cartels .............. .........426 C. Moral Wrongfulness and Penal Law .............................430 D. Prospects for Criminal Enforcement in East Asia ........... ...........431 VI. CONCLUSION ...........................................................433 Abstract: The global trend toward formal criminalization of cartel conduct is typically justified by reference to deterrence theory and the economic incentives that influence behavior. Other factors have often been treated with benign neglect. Some scholars have helpfully begun to highlight links between the likely effectiveness of criminal sanctions for cartel practices on the one hand, and on the other, a social norm that recognizes such behavior as deserving punishment that goes beyond administrative sanctions and possible private remedies. Where social acceptance of the need for criminal sanctions to fight cartels is absent or underdeveloped, there may be a wide gap between the formal adoption ofa criminal

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