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9 Am. Indian L.J. 135 (2020-2021)
Peyote Crisis Confronting Modern Indigenous Peoples: The Declining Peyote Population and a Demand for Conservation

handle is hein.journals/ailj9 and id is 135 raw text is: PEYOTE CRISIS CONFRONTING MODERN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: THE DECLINING PEYOTE POPULATION AND A DEMAND FOR CONSERVATION By James D. Muneta* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 136 II. HISTORY OF PEYOTISM AND THE NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH............................................... 139 A. Origin, Outlawing, and Dissemination of Peyotism................................................... 139 B. Formation of the Native American Church................................................................ 142 C. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978............................................... 145 D. The AIRFA Amendment of 1993................................................................................. 146 E. Expansion of the NAC Membership ........................................................................... 148 F. United States v. Boyll ................................................................................................. 149 G . Legal D evelopm ents After Boyll ................................................................................ 151 III. ANALYSIS OF THE BOYLL DECISION....................................................................................... 155 IV. PEYOTISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY: DECIMATION AND DEPLETION ......................................... 162 A. Depletion and Decimation of the Mexican Peyote Gardens ...................................... 162 B. Peyote Shortage in the United States ......................................................................... 166 C. Advent of Illegitimate NAC Groups ........................................................................... 168 D. Peyote as Spiritual Healing Medicine for Native Americans .................................... 170 V. CONSERVATION OF PEYOTE - GREEN HOUSE CULTIVATION................................................... 174 VI. PROPOSALS ............................................................................................................................ 176 A. Legislating a Definition for NAC Membership and Official NAC Chapter ...... 177 B. Grants for NAC Peyote Greenhouses......................................................................... 177 C. Federal Peyote Farms................................................................................................ 177 D. NAC Peyote Farms..................................................................................................... 178 E. Support from the International Community ............................................................... 178 F. Support for Continued Funding of Scientific Research on Peyote............................. 179 VII. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 180 * Graduate of the University of N.M., School of Law, and U.C. Berkeley, School of Social Welfare. Member of the Navajo Nation (Dind) (To'aheedliinii - Water Flows Together Clan) and Navajo Nation Bar Association, Inc. Thanks to Dr. Martin Terry at the Sul Ross State University and the Cactus Conservation Institute, Inc. for sharing his peyote field research. Also, thanks to attorney John Kreienkamp for editing this paper and helpful comments. Special thanks to my beloved wife, Cynthia Kellerblock Muneta, for her support and encouragement. I also want to thank the editorial staff of the American Indian Law Journal for their editing of this paper. **Note: The terms American Indian and Native American will be used interchangeably throughout this paper to refer to indigenous Native Americans or indigenous American Indians. 135

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