56 Admin. L. Rev. 263 (2004)
Deregulatory Injustice and Electronic Redlining: The Color of Access to Telecommunications

handle is hein.journals/admin56 and id is 273 raw text is: DEREGULATORY INJUSTICE AND ELECTRONIC REDLINING: THE COLOR OF ACCESS TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS LEONARD M. BAYNES* TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................... 265 I. Theoretical Fram ew ork .................................................................. 273 A. Racialized Spaces and Places .................................................. 273 B. American Geographical Apartheid .......................................... 274 1. A m erican Indians ............................................................... 274 2. African Americans and Latinos(as) .................................. 276 II. FCC Legal A uthority ...................................................................... 276 A . Section 15 1 .............................................................................. 276 B. Legislative History of Section 151 Amendment ..................... 277 C . Section 202(a) .......................................................................... 279 D. Section 254-Universal Service Provisions ............................ 280 E. Section 157(a) note-Advanced Telecommunications Incentives ................................................................................. 282 III. Race, Space, Native Americans, and Telephones ........................... 283 A. American Indian Access to Basic Telephone Service ............. 284 B. Am erican Indian Sovereignty .................................................. 288 1. The C onstitution ................................................................ 288 2. T he C ases ........................................................................... 288 3. Relationship of American Indian Sovereignty to Telephone Service on Unserved Tribal Areas ................... 292 * Professor of Law, St. John's University School of Law, Jamaica, NY. B.S. New York University, J.D.-M.B.A., Columbia University. I researched part of this project during my sabbatical when I served as scholar-in-residence at the Federal Communications Commission on former Chairman William Kennard's Opportunity Committee examining issues of access and ownership for people of color. I am grateful for the helpful comments that I received on prior manuscripts of this article from Dean Nell Newton of the University of Connecticut School of Law, from faculty forums at Washington & Lee University School of Law, American University Washington College of Law, and Howard University School of Law as well as Western New England College School of Law, where I was a Wellen- Davison lecturer. I especially want to thank my research assistants, Cindy Chen, Robert Gruszecki, Tara M. Lupoli, Justin M. Rowe, and Romeo Y. Ybanez for their help with this project.

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