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nforming the IegisI9tive debate since 1914

Updated April 15, 2024

The European Parliament and U.S. Interests

ey EU   _nsttution
The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected
institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The
EP's current 705 members represent the EU's roughly 445
million citizens. The EP has accumulated more power over
time (most recently with the 2009 Lisbon Treaty) as part of
EU efforts to improve democratic accountability and
transparency in EU policymaking. Congress-EP ties are
long-standing, and the EP's potential to influence key
aspects of U.S.-EU relations-such as trade, data privacy,
digital policies, and counterterrorism-may be of interest to
Congress. The next EP elections are expected in June 2024.
Role and Responsib tie5
The EP plays a role in the EU's legislative and budget
processes and has a degree of oversight responsibility. The
EP works closely with the two other main EU institutions:
the European Commission, which represents the interests of
the EU as a whole and functions as the EU's executive, and
the Council of the European Union (informally the Council,
or Council ofMinisters), which represents the interests of
the EU's national governments. Although the European
Commission has the right of legislative initiative, the EP
shares legislative power with the Council of the EU in most
policy areas, giving the EP the right to accept, amend, or
reject the vast majority of EU laws (with some exceptions,
such as taxation and most aspects of foreign policy). Both
the EP and the Council of the EU must approve a European
Commission proposal for it to become EU law in a process
known as the ordinary legislative procedure or co-decision.
The EP must approve the accession of new EU members
and international agreements (including on trade) and may
issue nonlegislative resolutions (used, for example, to
provide opinions on foreign policy issues).
With the Council of the EU, the EP decides how to allocate
the EU's annual budget (fixed as a percentage of the EU's
combined gross national income). The EP also has a
supervisory role over the European Commission and some
limited oversight over the activities of the Council of the
EU. The EP monitors EU policies, can conduct
investigations and public hearings, and must approve each
new slate of European Commissioners every five years.
Structure and Organization
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) serve five-
year terms. Voting for the EP takes place on a national
basis, with the number of MEPs elected in each EU country
based roughly on population size.
Poltica Groups
Once elected, MEPs caucus according to political ideology
rather than nationality. A political group must contain at
least 23 MEPs from a minimum of seven EU countries.
Currently, the EP has seven political groups-containing

over 200 national political parties-that span the political
spectrum, as well as a number of non-attached or
independent MEPs (see Figure 1). Although the majority of
MEPs hail from political parties that support the EU
project, some belong to parties considered to be anti-
establishment and euroskeptic-that is, critical of the EU or
anti-EU to varying degrees. Most euroskeptic parties in the
EP are on the right or far right and hold predominantly
nationalist and anti-immigration views.
No single group in the EP has an absolute majority, making
compromise and coalition-building key features of the EP.
Historically, the two largest groups-the center-right
European People's Party (EPP) and the center-left
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the
European Parliament (S&D)-have tended to dominate the
EP by cooperating in unofficial grand coalitions. At the
same time, voting blocs may vary on specific pieces of
legislation. The relative size of the political groups also
helps determine EP leadership and committee posts.
EP Leadership, Committees, and Delegations
MEPs elect a president of the European Parliament every
two-and-a-half years (twice per parliamentary term). The
president oversees the work of the EP and represents it
externally. Roberta Metsola, a Maltese MEP from the EPP,
was elected as EP president in January 2022. The EP has 20
standing committees that are key actors in the adoption of
EU legislation. In terms of their importance and power, EP
committees rival those in the U.S. Congress and surpass
those in most national European legislatures. Each
committee considers legislative proposals that fall within its
jurisdiction and recommends to the full EP whether to
adopt, amend, or reject the proposed legislation. The EP
also may establish temporary committees on specific issues
or committees of inquiry on breaches of EU law. The EP
plays a role in the EU's international presence with 48
delegations that maintain parliament-to-parliament relations
throughout the world (including with the U.S. Congress).
Location and Administration
The EP's official seat is in Strasbourg, France (a location
near Germany symbolic of postwar peace), where plenaries
typically are held once per month. Committee meetings and
some part-plenary sessions occur in Brussels, Belgium. A
Secretariat of over 7,000 nonpartisan civil servants and
contract staff, based in both Brussels and Luxembourg,
provides administrative and technical support. MEPs and
political groups also have their own staff assistants (around
3,000 personnel total). The EP faces some criticism that its
multiple locations entail a wasteful duplication of resources
and sizeable commuting costs, as well as calls for greater
transparency about MEPs' office and travel expenses. The
EP tightened ethics rules in 2023 following the so-called

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