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2016 Pecs J. Int'l & Eur. L. 18 (2016)
The Dark Side of Migration Remittances and Development: The Case of Edo Sex Trade in Europe

handle is hein.journals/pjiel2016 and id is 18 raw text is: Pecs Journal of International and European Law - 2016/I The Dark Side of Migration Remittances and Development: The Case of Edo Sex Trade in Europe Catherine Enoredia Odorige PhD Candidate, National University of Public Service Budapest Migrants' remittances outflow to developing nations has gained wide attention in recent times. This is due to the fact that it has surpassed the amount in total aid money from developed nations to these developing nations. According to World Bank estimates in 2011 remittances by migrants in the United Kingdom to India is 4billion USD compared to 450million USD aid to the country in that same yearl. When looked at in real terms it means how much impact these money can have on the developmental strides of developing countries in the long and short run. The remittance flow to developing nations in 2008 was put at 336 billion US dollars and in 2009 it was 316 billion US dollars from developed countries.2 These remittances have in no small way had increased positive impact on the ways of life of persons and relatives living in these less developed countries. It is a relief to many homes from the grip of intense poverty. But the question is how much of these remittances are from legitimate and morally right sources? This paper seeks to look at remittances from Europe to Edo state of the federal republic of Nigeria and analyse the possible sources of remittances that have had an impact on the lives of the peoples of Edo state. Keywords: migration, remittances, human trafficking, human traffickers and sex trade. 1. Introduction The interconnectivity between migration and development is not a new phenomenon. The periods before the industrial revolution between the mid sixteenth century and the 1820's brought about the uprooting of people from their homes in coastal parts of West Africa to provide the needed manpower for the development of societies in the Europe and America. This was a form of forced migration known as the period of transatlantic slave trade. An estimated 12million slaves were moved out of Africa.3 The twin pronged trajectory of resistance movements by the slaves and rights activists of that time and redundancy occasioned by industrial revolution meant that the services of the slaves was no longer needed, led the abolition of slave trade. Many had to be returned to Africa to the coastal region which is today known as Liberia and Sierra Leone. However many remained, this influenced the composition of American and Caribbean populations of African descent who are mostly descendants of African slaves.4 1 Ratha Dillip & Sonia Plaza, Diaspora and Development: Critical Issues, in India Migration Report, Irudaya Rajan. S. (Ed), India and London, Routledge, 2014 See http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/jan/30/migrants-billions- overshadow-aid (3 May 2016). 2 Dillip Ratha & Sanket Mohapatra & Ani Silwal, Outlook for Remittance flow 2010 to 2011; Remittance outflow to developing nations remained resilient in 2009 expected to recover during 2010-2011, Migration and Development Brief; Migration and Remittances Team Development Prospect Group, World Bank, 2010. ' David Eltis & David Richardson, The Numbers Game, in David Northrup, The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2nd edn, Houghton Mifflin Co. 2002, p. 95. 4 M. C. Waters & P. Kasinitz & L. Asad, Immigrants and African Americans, The Annual Review Of Sociology, 2014, 10th March 2016. - 18 -

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