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42 Idaho L. Rev. 1 (2005-2006)
The Doctrine of Discovery in American Indian Law

handle is hein.journals/idlr42 and id is 11 raw text is: THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY IN AMERICAN INDIAN LAW ROBERT J. MILLER* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 2 II. THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY ........................................... 4 A. The European Formulation of the Doctrine ........................ 8 1. Spain and Portugal ......................................................... 10 2. England and France ....................................................... 15 3. Holland and Sweden ....................................................... 19 B. The American Colonial and State Law of Discovery ...... 21 1. Colonial Laws of Discovery ............................................ 22 a. L aw s ........................................................................... 23 b. Court Cases ................................................................ 27 c. Royal Attempts to Enforce Discovery ...................... 30 2. State Laws of Discovery ................................................ 33 a. L aw s ........................................................................... 33 b. Court Cases ............................................................... 37 C. The Doctrine of Discovery in Federal Law ....................... 40 1. Articles of Confederation Congress 1781- 1789 ................................................................................. 41 2. U.S. Constitutional Era ................................................. 49 a. Constitution .............................................................. 49 b. Legislative Branch ..................................................... 50 c. Executive Branch ...................................................... 53 3. The United States Supreme Court ................................ 59 a. Pre-1823 Cases ......................................................... 60 b. Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823) ...................................... 62 c. Cases Subsequent to Johnson ................................... 69 III. THOMAS JEFFERSON, LEWIS AND CLARK, AND DISCOVERY ............................................................................. 76 A. Thomas Jefferson ................................................................ 77 B. The Lewis and Clark Expedition ........................................ 86 1. Pre-Louisiana Purchase Objectives .............................. 88 2. Post-Louisiana Purchase Discovery * Associate Professor, Lewis & Clark Law School; Chief Justice, Court of Appeals, Con- federated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; Member, Circle of Tribal Advisors to the National Council of the Lewis & Clark Bicentennial; Citizen, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma I thank Professors Ed Brunet and Mike Blumm for their comments on earlier drafts of this article, and John Ptacin, Mike Lopez, and Megan Bredeweg for their research assistance. I also received very help- ful comments from the participants in faculty presentations at Lewis & Clark Law School and North- western University School of Law.

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