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31 Yale J. Int'l L. 1 (2006)
Our International Constitution

handle is hein.journals/yjil31 and id is 7 raw text is: Article Our International Constitution Sarah H. Cleveland I. IN TROD UCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2 II. THREE APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW IN CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS ............................ 12 A Express Reference to International Law or a Concept of International Law ............... 12 1. Direct References to International Law ........................................................... 13 a. Offenses Against the Law of Nations .................................................... 13 b. The Treaty Power .................................................................................. 14 i. Substantive Scope of the Treaty Power ..................................... 14 ii. Power To Enter Other International Agreements ...................... 17 2. Reference to Concepts of International Law .................................................... 19 a. W ar P ow ers ........................................................................................... 19 i. Wartime Confiscations ............................................................. 20 ii. M ilitary Commissions ............................................................... 22 iii. War Powers and Constitutional Limitations ............................ 23 b. A dm iralty ............................................................................................... 27 c. C itizenship ............................................................................................. 28 d. Commerce and Contract ...................................................................... 30 B. International Law as a Background Principle for Constitutional Analysis ................ 33 1. Territoriality ..................................................................................................... 33 2. Nationhood and Sovereignty ............................................................................. 35 a. Enumerated Powers ............................................................................. 36 i. The Power to Borrow Money .................................................... 36 ii. Foreign Taxation ...................................................................... 37 b. Inherent Pow ers .................................................................................... 38 i. Immigration........... ................ ........... 39 ii. Native Am ericans ...................................................................... 42 iii. Territorial Governance and Individual Rights ......................... 44 3. Structural Analogy for the Federal System ....................................................... 49 a. Fourteenth Amendment Due Process ..................................................... 50 b. Full Faith and Credit ........................................................................... 51 C. Supreme Court Original Jurisdiction .................................................. 55 d. Eleventh Amendment Sovereign Immunity ............................................ 56 e. Tenth Amendment Reserved Powers .................................................... 59 f. Vertical Federalism: Allocating Power Between State and National G overnm ents ........................................................................................ 59 C . Individual R ights ................................................................................................................ 63 * Marrs McLean Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law; Samuel Rubin Visiting Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, Fall 2005; A.B. 1987, Brown University; M.St. 1989, Oxford University; J.D. 1992, Yale Law School. I am grateful for the thoughts and comments of Josd Alvarez, Michael Barr, Stephen Calabresi, Evan Caminker, William Forbath, Daniel Halberstam, Louis Henkin, Donald Herzog, Robert Howse, Harold Hongju Koh, Joan Larsen, Douglas Laycock, Sanford Levinson, Christopher McCrudden, John McGinnis, Thomas Merrill, Gillian Metzger, Henry Monaghan, Gerald Neuman, Steven Ratner, Donald Regan, Mathias Reimann, and Jeremy Waldron, as well as for the contributions of participants at workshops at Columbia Law School, the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia Law Schools, and at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the ASIL Section on International Law in Domestic Courts. This project would not have been possible without the remarkable assistance of Hollin Dickerson. Valuable research assistance was also provided by Hope Williams, Sarah Bookbinder, the tireless library staff at the University of Michigan and Columbia Law Schools, and Jonathan Pratter of the University of Texas School of Law. As always, the greatest debt is owed to Edward Tuddenham.

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