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25 Wis. J. L. Gender, & Soc'y 73 (2010)
Controlling for Kin: Ghosts in the Postmodern Family

handle is hein.journals/wiswo25 and id is 75 raw text is: CONTROLLING FOR KIN: GHOSTS IN THE POSTMODERN FAMILY Annette R. Appell' Amid the many transformations that have reshaped the study of kinship over time, the question of the significance of biological facts has remained a persistent quagmire - as easy to fall into as it is difficult to leave behind.,2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................... 74 INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 74 1. BIONORMATIVE REGULATION OF FAMILIES AND THE PRODUCTION OF LIBERTY .......................................................................... 79 A. The Constitutional Family and the Parental Rights Doctrine......80 1. The Evolution of the Constitutional Family ................... 81 2. The Matrifocal Construction of Parenthood ................... 83 3. The Rights of Parenthood ........................................ 84 B. Early Postmodemn Families: The Birth and Evolution of Adoption ............................................................... 87 1. The Creation of Adoption ........................................ 87 2. The (re)Opening of Adoption .................................... 90 C. Second-order Postmodern Families: Balancing Consent and Connection............................................................. 93 1. The Decline and Rise of Fatherhood: Stepfamilies ............ 95 2. Biological Assistance: Families Created with Reproductive Technology ........................................ 97 3. Same-sex Parents: Lesbian and Gay Families ................. 99 II.BIOLOGICAL ORDERING AND THE PRODUCTION OF IDENTITY ............... 102 1. Professor, Washington University Law School. I am indebted to Laura Kessler for organizing the Children in the Post-Nuclear Family panel at the 30th International Congress on Law and Mental Health, Padua, Italy, June 2007, for which I began to compare the trajectories of family and adoption law. I am also thankful to the other panelists at that conference, Susan Appleton, Irene Cant, Laura Rosenbury, and Donna Young, and to Marion Crain, Greg Magarian, and Naomi Cahn who provided helpful comments on earlier drafts. Law students Kristina Escamilla and Kim Herbert (Boyd Law) and Kathryn Crank and Jera Oliver (Washington University Law) provided research assistance. An earlier version of this Article carried the title The New Blended Families. 2. Sarah Franklin, Biologization Revisited: Kinship Theory in the Context of the New Biologies, in RELATIVE VALUES: RECONFIGURING KINSHIP STUDIES 302 (Sarah Franklin & Susan McKinnon eds., 2001). 73

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