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30 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev. 61 (2019)
Am I an Algorithm or a Product: When Products Liability Should Apply to Algorithmic Decision-Makers

handle is hein.journals/stanlp30 and id is 69 raw text is: AM I AN ALGORITHM OR A PRODUCT? WHEN PRODUCTS LIABILITY SHOULD APPLY TO ALGORITHMIC DECISION-MAKERS Kami A. Chagal-Feferkom* INTRODUCTION............................................................62 PART I: WHY NOT USE AUTONOMY TO DISTINGUISH PRODUCTS FROM THINKICNG ALGORITHMS? ........................................ ........70 A. On Automation and Autonomy ............................ ......70 B. The Many Faces of Autonomy ...................................72 PART II: PRODUCTS LIABILITY RATIONALES ................ ..................77 PART III: IS IT A PRODUCT? IS THERE A DEFECT? ..................... .....82 A. On Products ................................................83 B. On Defects .................................................84 PART IV: DISTINGUISHING PRODUCTS FROM THINKING ALGORITHMS ....................87 A. Examples of Products Versus Thinking Algorithms ....... ............88 B. Which Products Liability Rationales Apply to Which Algorithms .......90 1. Promoting Safety..........................................90 a. The OODA Loop-General ............ ...................94 b. Observe (Information Acquisition) ......................95 c. Orient (Information Analysis) .................... .....97 d. Decide (Decision Selection) ...........................99 e. Act (Action Implementation) ........................ ...........101 f. Interim Summary and Measurability of Success Rates .................101 2. Avoiding a Chilling Effect................................102 3. Victims' Compensation ........................................104 C. Keep It Simple, System.......................................107 CONCLUSIONS.................... .......................... ......113 * Fellow, Haifa Center for Law & Technology, University of Haifa Faculty of Law. I thank Niva Elkin-Koren for her endless support that made this research possible. I would also like to thank Yonatan Arbel, Michal Gal, Yaron David, Itiel Dror, Orr Dunkelman, Rita Osadchy, Amnon Reichman, Catherine Sharkey, and Avinoam Zimerman. This research was supported by the Center for Cyber Law & Policy (CCLP), established by the University of Haifa in collaboration with the Israeli National Cyber Bureau. Any mistakes or omissions are the author's. 61

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