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47 Yale J. Int'l L. Online 22 (2022)
Visa Policies, Migration Controls, and Mobility Aspirations: Mixed Migration as a Response to Global Regimes of Closure

handle is hein.journals/yejloillwo47 and id is 24 raw text is: Symposium: Managing Mixed Migration Visa Policies, Migration Controls, and Mobility Aspirations: Mixed Migration as a Response to Global Regimes of Closure Craig Damian Smitht This Essay traces the emergence and development of what I call global regimes of closure and their effects on mixed migration. Regimes of closure comprise progressive and cumulative visa restrictions for Global South states, externalized migration controls, and changes to the international refugee regime to keep displaced people in regions of origin. As a result of such developments, increasing numbers of people with mobility aspirations undertake irregular journeys on mixed routes-diverting from regular migration pathways to asylum, entering countries clandestinely, or overstaying temporary visas. The cumulative nature of regimes of closure means that potential migrants act on new information about mixed routes to fulfill otherwise frustrated mobility aspirations. To illustrate these dynamics, I present a brief case study about new mixed flows to Canada from 2016 to 2020, when nearly 60,000 people made their way to the Canadian border via the United States to claim asylum. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................23 VISA REGIMES, MIGRATION CONTROLS, AND REGIMES OF CLOSURE .....................................................24 MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS AND ROUTE CHOICES .......................................................................................26 THE POST-2016 GLOBAL MOBILITY LANDSCAPE....................................................................................27 CASE STUDY: GLOBAL REGIMES OF CONTROL AND MIXED MIGRATION TO CANADA ............................29 C O N CLU SIO N ...........................................................................................................................................33 T Senior Research Associate and Canada Excellence Research Chair in Migration & Integration Program, Ryerson University. Research was supported by an Insight Development Grant from Canada's Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (File # 430-2017-01101). Field research received ethics approvals from the Human Participants Review Committee of the Research Ethics Board at York University, Toronto (Certificate # 2018-243) and from the Government of Quebec's Centre integre universitaire de sante et de services sociaux for work in Montreal (April 8, 2019-no ID number). Both conform with Canada's Tri-Council Policy Statement (TPS-2, 2018) for research with vulnerable human participants.

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