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21 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 657 (1997-1998)
Blaine's Wake: School Choice, the First Amendment, and State Constitutional Law

handle is hein.journals/hjlpp21 and id is 669 raw text is: BLAINE'S WAKE: SCHOOL CHOICE, THE FIRST AMENDMENT, AND STATE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW JOSEPH P. VITERiTTI* I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 657 II. THE REACH OF BLAINE ............................................. 661 A. A Religious People ............................................ 661 B. A Curious Separation ........................................ 665 C. A Constitutional Amendment ........................... 670 D. A Profound Legacy ........................................... 672 E. A Constitutional Order ...................................... 675 III. LITIGATION IN THE STATE COURTS ......................... 680 A. W isconsin ........................................................ 685 B . Ohio ............................................................... 690 C. Vermont .......................................................... 695 IV. SCHOOL CHOICE AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT ....... 699 A. A High Wall of Intolerance ................................ 703 B. A Greater Accommodation .................................. 709 C. A Limited Freedom ............................................ 713 V. CONCLUSION ............................................................ 716 I. INTRODUCTION The Supreme Court session that ended in June of 1997 could prove to be one of the most notable in years. By striking down the Brady gun-control law, the Court reaffirmed the principle of separate state sovereignty,2 which it has used to gradually * Director, Program on Education and Civil Society, Research Professor of Public Administration (Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service), and Adjunct Professor of Law (School of Law) NewYork University. I am grateful to Tom James, Frank Macchiarola, Michael McConnell, Diane Ravitch, and Rosemary Salomone for their thoughtful comments on a previous draft of this article, and to Gisela Westwater (NYU Law, Class of 1999) for her assistance with the research. Responsibility for the final product is entirely mine. 1. See generally Linda Greenhouse, Benchmarks ofJustice, N.Y. TIMES, July 1, 1997, at Al, A18; Editorial, The Court's Good Week, WAU ST.J.,July 6, 1997, at A14. 2. Printz v. United States, 117 S. Ct. 2365, 2384 (1997) (holding that Congress may not impose executive functions on state officials in the implementation of laws). The

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