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126 U. Pa. L. Rev. 989 (1977-1978)
Jurisprudence of Death: Evolving Standards for the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause

handle is hein.journals/pnlr126 and id is 1001 raw text is: THE JURISPRUDENCE OF DEATH: EVOLVING STANDARDS FOR THE CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS CLAUSE MARGARET JANE RADIN t TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 990 II. CURRENT TREATMENT OF THE CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUN- ISHMENTS CLAUSE .................................... 992 A. Typology of Cruel and Unusual Punishments Claims 992 B. The Supreme Court's Approaches to the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause .................... 997 III. STANDARDS OF REvIEW............................... 1001 A. Approaches to Standards of Review Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause ................ 1001 1. Attitudes of Members of the Court ............ 1002 2. Different Standards for Different Cases? ........ 1009 3. The Two-Tier Approach .................... 1013 B. Toward a Theory of Review Under the Clause ..... 1016 1. The Principle of Risk of Error ............... 1017 2. Relevant Factors for Allocating Risk of Error ... 1022 3. Applications of the Risk of Error Principle ..... 1027 IV. THE SUBSTANTIVE STANDARD ......................... 1030 A. Fixed and Variable Meaning Alternatives ......... 1030 B. Positive and Normative Approaches to Variable M eaning ...................................... 1034 1. The Positive Approach ...................... 1034 2. The Normative Approach .................... 1039 C. Principles of Cruelty ........................... 1042 1. D ignity .................................... 1044 2. Excessiveness ............................... 1045 3. Are Dignity and Excessiveness Discrete Principles? 1046 D. The Excessiveness Principle and the Justification of Punishment ................................... 1047 1. Excessiveness and Least Restrictive Means ...... 1048 2. Utilitarianism, Retributivism, and Mixed Ap- proaches ................................... 1049 3. The Coker Two-Pronged Excessiveness Test and Its Implications ............................ 1052 E. Positive and Normative Approaches to Proportionality 1057 1. The Positive Approach ...................... 1057 2. The Normative Approach ................... 1060 V. CONCLUSION: FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON THE DEATH PENALTY ............ ............................. 1062 f Assistant Professor of Law, University of Oregon. A.B. 1963, Stanford University; M.F.A. 1965, Brandeis University; J.D. 1976, University of Southern California. Member, California Bar; Teacher-Member, Oregon Bar. (989)

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