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30 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1117 (1992-1993)
Guilty Pleas and Practice

handle is hein.journals/amcrimlr30 and id is 1127 raw text is: GUILTY PLEAS AND PRACTICE I. REQUISITES FOR ENTRY OF GUILTY PLEA ................... 1118 A. Voluntary and Intelligent Waiver .................. 1119 B. Factual Basis ........ ......................... 1121 C. Effective Counsel . .. ............... 1122 II. BREACH OF PLEA AGREEMENT ......................... 1124 A. Breach by Prosecutor ............................ 1124 B. Breach by Defendant ............................. 1125 C. Determination of Breach .......................... 1126 D. Remedies for Breach . .............. 1127 III. EFFECT OF GUILTY PLEA .............................. 1127 IV. W ITHDRAWING THE PLEA ............................. 1128 V. N EGOTIATING THE PLEA .............................. 1130 A . Defense Strategies ............................... 1130 B. Prosecution Strategies ............................ 1131 C. Timing of Negotiations ........................... 1132 D. Practice Under the Sentencing Guidelines ........... 1132 1. Charge Bargaining .......................... 1133 2. Sentence Bargaining ......................... 1135 a. Acceptance of responsibility .............. 1135 b. Agreeing to a sentence ................... 1136 c. Fact stipulations ........................ 1137 Plea bargaining has become essential to the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system. About ninety percent of defendants in federal criminal cases plead guilty, usually as a result of plea bargains.' Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs guilty pleas and plea bargaining. Under Rule I I(e)(1), the prosecutor and defense can bargain that the government will (1) move for dismissal of other charges,' (2) make a non-binding recommendation to the court for a particular sentence,3 or (3) agree upon a specific sentence in exchange for a guilty plea. The court is prohibited from engaging in plea negotiations.5 In 1970, the Supreme Court legitimized plea bargaining in Brady v. 1. UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMM'N, SENTENCING GUIDELINES AND POLICY STATEMENTS 1.8 (1987) [hereinafter SENTENCING GUIDELINES]. 2. FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(e)(1)(A). 3. FED. R. CRIM. P. l1(e)(1)(B). 4. FED. R. CRIM P. 1(e)(1)(C). 5, FED. R. CRIM. P. lI(e)(1). 1117

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