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60 Wash. U. J. L. & Pol'y 1 (2019)
Gun Violence and Human Rights

handle is hein.journals/wajlp60 and id is 11 raw text is: Gun Violence and Human Rights * Leila Nadya Sadat & Madaline M. George IN TR O D U CTIO N ...................................................................................................... 2 I. GUN VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES IS WORSE THAN YOU THINK .........7 II. THE UNITED STATES REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.....................................17 A. Federal Legislation on Firearms ..................................17 B. The Second Amendment and Gun Control.......................................................25 C. State and Municipal Legislation on Firearms ..................................................28 III. GUN CONTROL LAWS CAN PREVENT GUN VIOLENCE..............................31 IV. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 36 A. The Legal Framework: Americans Have Human Rights Too .........................36 B. The Affirmative Obligation to Prevent and Protect .........................................42 C. Violations by Private Actors Engage the Responsibility of the State...............46 V. HUMAN RIGHTS IMPACTED BY GUN VIOLENCE.........................................50 A . T he R ight to L ife............................................................................................... 50 B. The Right to Security of Person.........................................................................55 C . The R ight to H ealth .......................................................................................... 57 D. The Right to be Free from Ill-Treatment ......................................................... 59 E. The Right to be Free from Racial Discrimination............................................62 F. The Right to Gender Equality........................................................................... 64 G. Freedom of Religion, Expression, Opinion, and Belief...................................66 H. The Right to Peaceful Assembly and Association............................................70 I. Special Protection for Children and the Right to Education ..............................71 J. The Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of the Community........................74 VI. INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC REMEDIES FOR HUMAN RIGHTS W R O N G S .......................................................................................................... 76 A. International Reaction to the U.S. Gun Violence Crisis..................................76 B. Implementing Human Rights Norms in the United States.............................. 82 C O N C L U SIO N .................................................................................................................86 * Leila Nadya Sadat is the James Carr Professor of International Criminal Law and Director, Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute, Washington University School of Law, St. Louis; Special Adviser on Crimes Against Humanity to the International Criminal Court Prosecutor. Madaline M. George is the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute Fellow and a 2014 graduate of Washington University School of Law in St. Louis. The authors would like to thank Washington University's Institute for Public Health and the participants in the conference The U.S. Gun Violence Crisis: An Interdisciplinary & Human Rights Approach for their helpful comments on this draft, as well as the Human Rights Committee of the International Law Association (American Branch). We also thank Adeola Adekunle, Sebastian Ciobotaru, Megan Ferguson, Hewen Jiang, Jiyeon Kim, Rebecca Matey, Nicole Smith, and Marie Stephens for helpful research. 1

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