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23 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 1 (2010-2011)
Liability for Damage Caused by GMOs: An Economic Perspective

handle is hein.journals/gintenlr23 and id is 3 raw text is: ARTICLES Liability for Damage Caused by GMOs: An Economic Perspective MICHAEL FAURE* & ANDRI WIBISANA** TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction......................................... 2 II. Possible Impacts of GM Os................................ 5 A. Gene Transfer..................................... 5 B. The Development of Resistance ........................ 7 C. Effects on Non-targets ................................ 9 D. Effects on Soil Ecology................................ 10 III. Types of Liability........................................ 10 A. The Choice of Liability: Exploring Liability for GMOs........ ...10 1. Negligence Rule .... ......................... 12 2. Strict Liability................................ 13 3. Trespass.................................... 14 4. Nuisance ................................... 16 B. Economic Criteria for Strict Liability.................... ... 17 C. Environmental Liability ............................. ... 22 D. Product Liability.................................... 23 1. Contractual Liability Based on the Coase Theorem .... 25 2. A Case for Strict Liability....................... 27 E. Influence of Regulation................................ 29 IV. Causation ............................................. 32 A. General..... .................................. 32 B. Burden of Proof..................................... 32 C. Causal Uncertainty................................... 33 V. Multiple Tortfeasors ...................................... 36 A. Joint and Several Liability and Proportional Liability ......... ... 37 B. The Channeling of Liability............................. 38 VI. Defenses.............................................. 43 * Visiting International Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School; Professor of Comparative and International Environmental Law, Maastricht University (NL) and Professor of Comparative Private Law and Economics, Erasmus School of Law (NL); faure@frg.eur.nl. @ 2011, Michael Faure & Andri Wibisana. ** Lecturer at the law faculty of the University of Indonesia. 1

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