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37 Brook. J. Int'l L. 1 (2011-2012)
Brazil, Indigenous Peoples, and the International Law of Discovery

handle is hein.journals/bjil37 and id is 3 raw text is: BRAZIL, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF DISCOVERY Robert J. Miller' & Micheline D'Angelis Introduction...............................................I I. The Doctrine of Discovery...................................4 A. Church Formulation of the Doctrine .............. .............9 B. Portuguese and Spanish Development of the Doctrine .............12 C. Other European Countries and Discovery ......................21 II. The Doctrine in Brazilian and Portuguese Law and History ...........25 A. First Discovery........................................27 B. Actual Occupancy and Current Possession .....................29 i. Actual possession.....................................30 ii. Uti Possidetis..................35 iii. Symbolic Possession..................................36 C. Preemption/European Title................... .............37 D. Native Title...........................................39 E. Native Limited Sovereign and Commercial Rights...........42 i. Slavery .............................. ...................45 F. Contiguity............................................48 G. Terra Nullius..........................................50 H. Christianity...........................................52 I. Civilization...........................................55 J. Conquest............................................. 59 Conclusion............................................... 61 INTRODUCTION P ortugal utilized the Doctrine of Discovery (the Doctrine) when it discovered, claimed, and settled the territory that is now known as Brazil. The Doctrine is the international law principle that European countries and settlers used to make legal claims to own the lands, assets, and human rights of Indigenous peoples all over the world in the fif- teenth through twentieth centuries.' The Doctrine provided that newly * Professor, Lewis & Clark Law School, Portland, Oregon; Chief Justice, Court of Appeals Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community; Citizen, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma; Board of Directors, Oregon Historical Society and Tribal Leadership Forum. ** Lewis & Clark Law School, J.D.; Portland State University, B.A. in History. Bra- zilian born and educated at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Law School, Ms. D'Angelis researched and translated to English the Portuguese and Brazilian legislation and historical materials used in this Article. 1. In Part I.A-B, the Author builds upon prior scholarship from his book, Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny. This universal history of the European perspective on discovery and exploration,

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