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46 J. Corp. L. 909 (2020-2021)
Digital Asset Market Evolution

handle is hein.journals/jcorl46 and id is 953 raw text is: Digital Asset Market Evolution
Wulf A. Kaal*
The market for digital assets has evolved since its inception in 2009. Its rapid
proliferation in 2016-18 was followed by significant downward corrections in 2018-19.
The Article evaluates the central stages of the evolution of the market in digital assets and
the affected market participants. It presents and compares market data for initial coin
offerings, equity offerings, and initial exchange offerings in blockchain and digital-asset
startups. The author examines data trends and their underlying causes in the evolution of
the market for digital assets. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging market for
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and its role in the evolution of digital assets. The article
examines data to evaluate the feasibility of a DeFi market evolution in the decentralized
market infrastructure environment of the early 2020s.
I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 910
II. DIGITAL ASSET MARKET ............................................................................................ 913
1.   B itcoin   vs. A  ltcoins   .......................................................................................... 9 13
2. Initial Coin Offerings....................................................................................... 917
3. Venture Capital................................................................................................ 920
4. Initial Exchange Offers .................................................................................... 921
5. DeFi................................................................................................................. 923
a. Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) & Protocols...................................... 925
b. Lending and Borrowing .............................................................................. 925
c. Trading........................................................................................................927
III. DIGITAL ASSET MARKET EVOLUTION ....................................................................... 927
1. Market Volatility .............................................................................................. 928
2. Funding Source Volatility................................................................................ 930
3. Challenges for Early Stage Investors .............................................................. 931
4.   Regulatory       Uncertainty ................................................................................... 932
5. Cyber Security ................................................................................................. 935
6. Crypto Economics............................................................................................ 935
* Professor of Law, University of St. Thomas School of Law (Minneapolis, MN). The author is on the
board of directors of the Emerging Technology Association in Zug, Switzerland. He is also a founding member
of the DevDAO and routinely advises digital asset businesses and startups, crypto hedge funds, digital asset
exchanges, and policy makers. The author is grateful for outstanding research assistance from Hayley Howe and
research librarian assistance from Nicole Kinn. The author did not receive any form of financial incentive for
authoring this article.

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