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94 Foreign Aff. 21 (2015)
The Failure of Multiculturalism: Community versus Society in Europe

handle is hein.journals/fora94 and id is 299 raw text is: The Failure of Multiculturalism Community Versus Society in Europe Kenan Malik hirty years ago, many Europe- ans saw multiculturalism-the embrace of an inclusive, diverse society-as an answer to Europe's social problems. Today, a growing number consider it to be a cause of them. That perception has led some mainstream politicians, including British Prime Minister David Cameron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, to publicly denounce multiculturalism and speak out against its dangers. It has fueled the success of far-right parties and populist politicians across Europe, from the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands to the National Front in France. And in the most extreme cases, it has inspired obscene acts of violence, such as Anders Behring Breivik's homicidal rampage on the Norwegian island of Utoya in July 2011. How did this transformation come about? According to multiculturalism's critics, Europe has allowed excessive immigration without demanding enough integration-a mismatch that has eroded social cohesion, undermined national identities, and degraded public trust. KENAN MALIK is a monthly columnist for The International New York Times and the author, most recently, of The Quest for a Moral Com- pass: A Global History of Ethics. Follow him on Twitter @kenanmalik. Multiculturalism's proponents, on the other hand, counter that the problem is not too much diversity but too much racism. But the truth about multiculturalism is far more complex than either side will allow, and the debate about it has often devolved into sophistry. Multicul- turalism has become a proxy for other social and political issues: immigration, identity, political disenchantment, working-class decline. Different coun- tries, moreover, have followed distinct paths. The United Kingdom has sought to give various ethnic communities an equal stake in the political system. Germany has encouraged immigrants to pursue separate lives in lieu of granting them citizenship. And France has rejected multicultural policies in favor of assimilationist ones. The specific outcomes have also varied: in the United Kingdom, there has been communal violence; in Germany, Turkish commu- nities have drifted further from main- stream society; and in France, the relationship between the authorities and North African communities has become highly charged. But everywhere, the overarching consequences have been the same: fragmented societies, alienated minorities, and resentful citizenries. As a political tool, multiculturalism has functioned as not merely a response to diversity but also a means of constrain- ing it. And that insight reveals a paradox. Multicultural policies accept as a given that societies are diverse, yet they implic- itly assume that such diversity ends at the edges of minority communities. They seek to institutionalize diversity by putting people into ethnic and cultural boxes-into a singular, homogeneous Muslim community, for example-and March/April 2015 21 U U. U I-

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