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2 Global Resp. Protect 353 (2010)
From Sovereignty as Responsibility to the Responsibility to Protect

handle is hein.journals/gloresp2 and id is 371 raw text is: MARTINUS fD NIJHOFF fz P U B L I S H E R S Global Responsibility to Protect 2 (2010) 353-370 brill.nIl/gr2p From 'Sovereignty as Responsibility' to the 'Responsibility to Protect'* Francis M. Deng Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General for the Prevention of Genocide dengf@un.org Abstract This essay examines the origins and evolution of the concepts of 'sovereignty as responsibility' and the 'responsibility to protect'. In particular, it considers the role and duty of states and how ideas of sovereignty have evolved since the modern nation-state was conceived by the European Treaty ofWestphalia of 1648. It then examines the responsibility of states towards their own citi- zens and traces the development of the R2P norm in Africa as it has related to conflict preven- tion, management, and resolution since the end of the Cold War. The essay further considers the responsibilities of national democratic governments in Africa and beyond. Recent developments that have widened the scope and helped the acceptance and application of the concept of'sover- eignty as responsibility' are discussed, and the essay concludes with an examination of the accountability and enforcement challenges faced by R2P. Keywords Sovereignty as responsibility, responsibility to protect, nation-state, Westphalia, post-Cold War Africa, democratic government, accountability, genocide, United Nations Introduction The state is the cornerstone of the international system and the concept of state sovereignty continues to be a fundamental norm within the international order. Human rights and humanitarian principles, of course, provide a basis * This essay builds on Francis M. Deng et al, Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1996); Francis M. Deng, Africas Internally Displaced and the Development of International Norms: Standards versus Imple- mentation', in Jeremy I. Levitt (ed.), Africa: Mapping New Boundaries in International Law (Oxford: Hart Publishers, 2008), pp. 65-102; and Francis M. Deng, 'The Evolution of the Idea of Sovereignty as Responsibility, in Adekeye Adebajo (ed.), From GlobalApartheid to Global Village: Africa and the United Nations (Scottsville: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press, 2009), pp. 191-213. @ Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010 DOI 10. 1163/1875984 10X519534

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