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95 Colum. L. Rev. 1001 (1995)
Issue 5

handle is hein.journals/clr95 and id is 1011 raw text is: COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW VOL. 95 JUNE 1995 NO. 5 STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND SUBORDINACY: MAY CONGRESS COMMANDEER STATE OFFICERS TO IMPLEMENT FEDERAL LAW? Evan H. Caminker* Introduction I. Visions of Sovereignty and Subordinacy ..................... 1008 A. States as Subordinate Agents of the Federal Government ........................................... 1009 B. States as Sovereign Entities: Emergence of the New Autonomy Model of Federalism ........................ 1015 II. Squaring State Autonomy with Federal Supremacy: The Lesson of State Court Commandeering ..................... 1022 A. Supremacy Principles and the Federal Commandeering of State Actors ........................................ 1022 1. The Supremacy Clause as the Basis of Federal Commandeering of State Courts ................... 1022 2. The Principles Underlying State Court Commandeering Are Generalizable to All State Actors ............................................. 1028 B. Textual Arguments Against Nonjudicial Commandeering ...................................... 1030 1. What the Text Does and Does Not Say ............. 1031 2. The Judges Clause ................................. 1034 C. The Framers' Intent Regarding Nonjudicial Commandeering ...................................... 1042 D. Commandeering Authority and Formal Distinctions Between Lawmaking and Law Enforcement . ...... 1050 1. Special Features of the Judicial Enterprise .......... 1050 2. State Control over Lawmaking ..................... 1053 III. Normative Objections to Nonjudicial Commandeering ...... 1060 A. Shifting Political Liability from Federal to State Officials ............................................... 1061 * Acting Professor, U.C.LA School of Law. BA. 1983, U.C.L.A.; J.D. 1986, Yale University. I gratefully acknowledge helpful suggestions from Vik Amar, Erwin Chemerinsky, Craig Goldblatt, Robert Goldstein, and numerous colleagues participating at a paper presentation to the U.C.LA faculty. I also thank Matthew Erramouspe and Elizabeth Horton for valuable research assistance. 1001

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