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37 Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y J. 471 (2015-2016)
The Rise of the Just-in-Time Workforce: On-Demand Work, Crowdwork, and Labor Protection in the Gig-Economy

handle is hein.journals/cllpj37 and id is 507 raw text is: THE RISE OF THE JUST-IN-TIME WORKFORCE: ON-DEMAND WORK, CROWDWORK, AND LABOR PROTECTION IN THE GIG-ECONOMY Valerio De Stefanot I. INTRODUCTION This Article provides an analytical overview of the labor implications of the so-called gig-economy. The gig-economy is usually understood to include chiefly two forms of work: crowdwork and work-on-demand via app.1 The first term is usually referred to working activities that imply completing a series of tasks through online platforms.2 Typically, these platforms put in contact an indefinite number of organizations and individuals through the internet, potentially allowing connecting clients, and workers on a global basis. Work-on-demand via app, instead, is a form of work in which the execition of traditional working activities such as transport, cleaning, and running errands, but also forms of clerical work, is t International Labour Office; Bocconi University. The views expressed here and in other parts of this special issue are personal and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ILO. I am most grateful to Janine Berg, Mariya Aleksynska, Martine Humblet, Jeremiasl Prassl, and Antonio Aloisi for great support, discussions and feedbacks on the Article. The usual disclaimer applies. 1. See Sarah Kessler, The Gig-Economy Won't Last because It's Being Sued to Death, FAST CO., Feb. 17, 2015, http://www.fastcompany.com/3042248/the-gig-economy-wont-last-because-its-being-su ed-to-death; Carolyn Said, Growing Voices Say Gig Workers Need Protections, Benefits, SFGATE, Feb. 17, 2015, http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Growing-voices-say-gig-workers-need-protections-607 9992.php; Rebecca Smith & Sarah Leberstein, Rights on Demand: Ensuring Workplace Standards and Worker Security In the On-Demand Economy (New York, National Employment Law Project, 2015). For a broader analysis of digital labor, see also DoMINIQUE CARDON & ANTONIO CASILLI, QU'EST-CE QUE LE DIGITAL LABOR? (Bry-sur-Mame, INA td., 2015). 2. A ground-breaking contribution in this respect is the piece of John Howe, The Rise of Crowdsourcing, WIRED MAG., June 2006, http://www.wired.com/2006/06/crowds/. This Article will only focus on external crowdwork. It will not, instead, address internal crowdwork. i.e., when business set up crowdsourcing platforms on their intranet for their internal workforce to contribute to projects as a crowd. See David David Durward et al., Crowd Work, BUSN. & INFO. SYSTS. ENGINEERING (2016). On external crowdwork, in the scientific literature, see Birgitta Bergvall-Kdreborn & Debra Howcroft, Amazon Mechanical Turk and the Commodification ofLabour, 29 NEW TECH., WORK & EMP. 213 (2014); Miriam Cherry, A Taxonomy of Virtual Work, 45 GA. L. REv. 951 (2011); EUROFOUND, NEW FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT (2015); Alek Felstiner, Working the Crowd: Employment and Labor Law in the Crowdsourcing Industry, 32 BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L. 143 (2011); Six Silberman & Lili Irani, Operating an Employer Reputation System: Lessons from Turkopticon, 2008-2015, 37 COMP. LAB. L. & POL'Y J (2016).

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